The United States, like few other advanced democracies, has a deeply entrenched two-party system. In recent years, as the two parties have drifted further and further apart, gridlock has intensified in Washington, with the divide punctuated by the most recent federal government shutdown.

In this episode of Talking Policy, host Lindsay Shingler is joined by Georgia Kernell, an associate professor at UC Los Angeles, who offers a comparative look at how the U.S. political system operates, how its design solidifies the duopoly of the Democratic and Republican Parties, and how it differs from other systems. Kernell also discusses how the internal machinations of the two parties impact political participation and policy positions, as well as how outsiders have challenged party establishments.

This episode was recorded on October 15, 2025. The conversation was edited for length and clarity.