In Episode 10 of Star-Spangled Studies, Dr. G explores how faith ignited reform and shaped antebellum America. Key topics include:

• Second Great Awakening & Finney’s new theology

• Camp meetings, circuit riders & the rise of Baptists & Methodists

• “Burned-over District,” new sects & utopian experiments

• Transcendentalism: Emerson, Thoreau & self-reliance

• Benevolent Empire: temperance, asylums & public schools

• Radical abolitionism: Walker, Garrison & Douglass’s “What to the Slave…”

• Women in reform: Grimké sisters, Mott, Stanton & the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention

• Debates over social control vs. genuine revival

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Episode 10 of Star-Spangled Studies dives into the Second Great Awakening and the reform wave it unleashed—revivals, utopian communities, transcendentalism, abolitionism, temperance, and the origins of the women’s rights movement.

Hello y'all.

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It's me.

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It's me.

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It's Dr.

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G, and welcome back to

Star Spangled Studies.

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Picture this, you are in Cain

Ridge, Kentucky, on the edge of the

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American frontier, but you are not

alone as far as the eye can see.

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There are people, 10,

maybe 20,000 of them.

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The air is thick with smoke

from a hundred campfires and the

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sound of a dozen preachers all

shouting at once from makeshift

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pulpits of tree stumps and wagons.

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People are crying, they're jumping.

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Some are speaking in tongues.

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Others faint dead away, overcome

by the sheer power of the moment.

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This wasn't just church.

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This was a religious wildfire.

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This.

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The second great awakening.

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So what's going on here?

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What lit the spiritual fuse that would

burn its way across the entire nation?

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The early 19th century was an age

of anxiety and optimism all at once.

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The country was expanding, the economy

was transforming, democracy was spreading.

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Well, at least for white men,

westward expansion, industrialization,

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and a flood of immigration were

radically altering how Americans

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saw themselves and their community.

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Amidst this dizzying change,

Americans began to ask

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themselves a profound question.

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Could we as individuals and

a nation become perfect?

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Could we build a literal heaven on earth?

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The answer for millions was a resounding

yes, and that belief would set in motion

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a tidal wave of reform that would change

everything from the bottle to the ballot

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box to the very chains of slavery itself.

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I'm Dr.

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G.

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Let's go.

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The heart of this firestorm was a.

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Fundamental revolution in American

religious thought for generations.

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The dominant theology, especially in

New England, was a stern unyielding.

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Calvinism.

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Calvinists believed that all humankind was

hopelessly marred by sin, and that an omni

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omnipotent God had already decided or.

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Predestined who would be saved

and who would be damned long

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before they were ever born.

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This was the faith of grim acceptance

where human action meant little

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in the face of divine decree.

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The second great awakening, however,

flipped the script completely on its head.

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It preached a new gospel, very

empowering because it emphasized

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that human action and individual

choice was what actually mattered.

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The most influential voice of this

new theology was a former lawyer who

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had turned into a fiery activist and

revivalist named Charles Grandes and

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Finney Finney argued that sin was not

an inescapable stain on one's soul.

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That it was actually a voluntary act.

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Therefore, salvation wasn't a lottery

ticket handed out by God at the beginning

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of time, long before you were born.

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Salvation was a choice, A

choice that any individual could

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make right here, right now.

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We can hear this radical message of human

agency in Finney's own words themselves.

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He saw conversion not as some

mysterious lightning strike, but as a

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rational decision taken on by humans.

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He challenged his listeners directly

telling them, quote, God requires

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you to turn and what he requires.

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Of you, he cannot do for you.

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These words were

revolutionary at the time.

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It took spiritual destiny out of the

hands of an inscrutable God and placed

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it firmly in the hands of the individual.

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So this new theology of

spiritual empowerment resonated.

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Perfectly hand in hand with the new

Democratic spirit of the age that we have

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been talking about in previous episodes.

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So it's no surprise then that the

biggest winners of the second Great

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awakening, if we can call them that were

the denominations that championed it.

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Those like the Methodists and the

Baptist with their populous structures,

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their use of itinerant or circuit

riding preachers who could reach remote

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frontier settlements, their passionate

emotional style of worship and preaching.

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These groups exploded in popularity.

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Meanwhile, the older, more formal

and hierarchical churches like the

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Episcopalians and the Congregationalists

with their university trained

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ministers and formal liturgies saw

their influence wane in this period.

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Its very style of the revival

itself was democratic.

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These massive outdoor camp meetings, like

the one I described at Cain Ridge, brought

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together people from all social classes.

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Preachers were often ordinary

men without the formal training.

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They were valued for their piety and

their passion rather than their econ,

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uh, educational or economic credentials

in a striking break from tradition.

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Women took on prominent public roles

as well, often exhorting the crowds and

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sharing their testimonies, claiming a

spiritual place and a spiritual authority

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in a society that otherwise denied them.

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This.

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This connection between religious and

political change was no coincidence, the

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spiritual egalitarianism of the revival.

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Dovetailed perfectly with the

political egalitarianism professed

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in the Jacksonian America.

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The old Calvinist model of predestination

with its fixed spiritual hierarchy

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mirrored an older, more deferential

social and political order that was.

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Not in time with the time, the new

message of the era, this evangelical

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message that any individual could choose.

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Salvation was the spiritual twin

of the Jacksonian political message

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that any white man could and should

participate in his own governance.

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The idea that you could save your

own soul was just as empowering as

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the idea that your vote mattered.

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This synergy created a perfect and

powerful cultural feedback loop,

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fueling a belief that if individuals

could perfect themselves, then they

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could certainly perfect their society.

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Historians love to argue and debate.

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Over big questions and little questions.

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And one big question that comes out of

this second great awakening in religious

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reform is, was this all genuine spiritual

revival or was something else going on?

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A prominent school of thought,

particularly influential from the sixties

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through the 1980s interprets these

revivals as, at least in some small

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part, a mechanism of social control.

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The argument goes something like this.

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As the market revolution created social

and economic chaos, a new middle class

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of managers, clerks, and business owners

felt the deep anxiety about the future.

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They embraced the new evangelicalism of

this powerful emphasis on self-discipline,

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sobriety industry in order they then

promoted this faith into the growing

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and often unruly urban working class.

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It was a way to instill middle class

values in their employees, creating a more

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stable, sober, and productive workforce

to serve the new industrial economy.

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So was it a heartfelt quest for God

or a clever tool for class discipline?

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The truth is, as often is the case we've

seen in previous episodes somewhere in

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that complicated, messy middle ground.

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This spiritual fire became so intense

in some places like the Erie Canal

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corridor of upstate New York that

preachers like Finney declared.

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There were no more souls there

left to convert the region.

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He said.

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Had been so thoroughly scorched by

the flames of revival that it was now.

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He called a burned over district,

but this fire couldn't be

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contained in traditional churches.

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It leapt from the revival tent

into the philosopher study and the

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Utopian Commune sparking radical

new visions for American life.

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The burned over district was more

than just a site of revivals.

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It was a laboratory of

religious innovation.

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The same energy, the spiritual energy

that fueled Methodist camp meetings

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also gave rise to entirely new religions

and radical social experiments.

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It was in this environment that a young

Joseph Smith claimed to have received

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visions from God and angelic beings.

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Leading him to publish the Book of Mormon

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later named the Church of Jesus Christ

of Latter Day Saints or the Mormons.

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Other groups convinced that society

was too corrupt to be saved,

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chose to withdraw and build their

own miniature heavens on earth.

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These utopian communities

experimented with the most

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fundamental aspects of human life.

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Sex, family and property.

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The United Society of Believers in

Christ's second appearing better

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known as the Shakers practiced

strict celibacy, believing that

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the world was nearing its end.

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They lived in tightly knit communities

holding all property in common, and

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becoming famous for their ecstatic worship

services and their simple, beautiful,

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and functional furniture and design.

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And Stark contract to that was the one

community founded by John Humphrey.

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No.

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In New York.

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Now, Noyes preached a doctrine of

perfectionism, believing that true

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converts could become free of sin.

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He took this to his logical, and for

most Americans, shocking conclusion.

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The Edins rejected traditional marriage,

which they saw as a form of selfish

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ownership in favor of a complex marriage,

a carefully regulated system of free

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love, where every man was effectively

married to every woman and vice versa.

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If the shakers and Edins represented

the social frontier of the reform

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impulse, transcendentalism was the

intellectual and philosophical edge

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centered in the New England area.

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This movement included some of the most

famous names in American literature.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David

Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller.

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Many were former Unitarian

ministers who found that even that

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liberal faith was too confining.

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They broke away to forge a new

spiritual path based not on scripture

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or doctrine, but on personal intuition.

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Their core belief was in a divine

universal spirit, which Emerson

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called the over soul, which connected

every person to God and to nature.

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Truth wasn't something to be found

in a Holy Book or in a Sunday sermon.

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It was something to be experienced

directly through introspection through

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your individual consciousness in a

deep communion with the natural world.

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Emerson.

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Urged Americans to stop looking to Europe

for their culture and ideas and to trust

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the divinity here and within themselves.

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In his 1841 lecture, the

Transcendentalist, he defined

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the idealist as one who insisted

on quote, the power of thought.

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And of Will on inspiration,

on Miracle on Individual.

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His most famous call was for radical

self-reliance for rejecting the

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soul, killing pressure of conformity.

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In his essay nature, he described

a mystical experience of

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becoming one with the universe.

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This intense focus on individualism,

however, created a fascinating

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tension within the broader

reform movement as a whole.

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While Transcendentalism grew from

the same perfectionist soil as

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abolitionism and temperance, which

we'll talk about in a minute, its

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primary focus was on self reform.

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Rather than social reform, the first

and more important project of a

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transcendentalist was not to change

the world, but to change oneself.

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This helps explain why some of

its leading figures were initially

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hesitant to join the organized

collective reform movements of the day.

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When F fellow transcendentalist

George Ripley founded the Utopian

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community Brook Farm in 1841.

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Emerson politely declined to join.

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He explained that he still had

far to travel on his own personal

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spiritual journey before he could

get so directly involved with the

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reformation of others' lives in society.

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The ultimate expression of this

impulse was of course, Henry

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David Thoreau's two-year retreat

at a cabin at Walden Pond.

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He went to the woods to quote,

live deliberately to strip down to

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its essentials and reform himself.

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Arguing that any meaningful society

change had to begin with the individual.

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It was only as the national crisis

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figures like Emerson and Thoreau became

more outspoken activists, concluding

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that some social evils like slavery

were so profoundly corrupting that

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they made individual purity impossible.

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For many reformers, however, perfecting

the self was only the first step.

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The ultimate goal was to perfect society

by declaring war on society's sins.

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They formed what has been called a

benevolent empire to wage this war, and

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their first target was a foe found nearly

in every American town, the alcohol ball.

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Fueled by the righteous zeal of the

second great awakening reformers

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created a vast network of voluntary

societies aimed at eradicating social

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ills to create that perfect society.

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This interconnected web of organizations

became known as the Benevolent Empire.

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Its soldiers were the new

pious middle class, and they

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waged war on a dozen fronts.

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They sought to reform prisons to

build asylums for the mentally ill.

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A crusade famously led.

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By Dorothea Dix, as well as to promote

public education, to distribute Bibles

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and to stamp out prostitution, their

greatest and most immediate success

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came in the war against alcohol.

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In the early 19th century, Americans

drank staggering amounts of liquor

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far more than they do today.

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Um, and it's understandable why when

you could drink water and get any number

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of diseases drinking water itself.

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Wasn't a good social choice for you

personally or for society around you,

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but if you distilled that water and

made alcohol from it, somehow you

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didn't catch all of those diseases.

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So drinking alcohol in

that sense made sense.

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Now reformers, many of them women, linked

this rampant consumption to everything

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they saw that was wrong with society.

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Alcohol abuse led to poverty, domestic

violence, crime and economic inefficiency.

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The American Temperate Society

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have over 200,000 members.

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They used powerful

propaganda including graphic.

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Lithographs by artists like

Nathaniel Courier that contrasted

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the disease, broken families of in

temperance with the prosperous, happy,

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churchgoing, families of temperance.

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The movement was su successful, it was

stunningly successful, and it helped

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to cut the average American's alcohol

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But perhaps the most divisive, the

most dangerous, and ultimately the most

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consequential of reform movements was

the one aimed directly at destroying

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slavery, and that would be abolition.

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For decades, the mainstream anti-slavery

movement had been dominated by

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cautious people that we would call

Gradualists, who advocated for a slow

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compensated end to slavery, and by

supporters of the American Colonization

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Society, which proposed sending freed

African-Americans back to Africa.

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This latter plan, while popular with

some prominent politicians, was fiercely

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condemned by most black Americans as a

racist scheme designed to get rid of them.

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Of its free black population.

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The 1830s, however, marked a

dramatic and crucial turning point.

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The movement for abolition shifted from

gradualism to imm or immediate abolition.

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The new radical demand was not for

a slow managed decline of slavery

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over several generations before.

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Its immediate, unconditional,

and uncompensated abolition.

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Slavery was not a problem to be managed.

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It was a sin to be eradicated.

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Now, the standard narrative on this shift

too often centers on white abolitionists

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like William Lloyd Garrison, but this

misses a very crucial part of the story.

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The move to IMM was profoundly influenced

and in many ways directly caused by

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the powerful and uncompromising voices.

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Of black abolitionists who shamed

and inspired their white counterparts

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into adopting a more radical stance.

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In the 1820s, Garrison

himself was a supporter of

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gradualism and of colonization.

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But by the end of that decade in

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David Walker published his appeal to

the colored citizens of the world.

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Walker's Appeal was a thunderous

denunciation of American hypocrisy,

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a scathing attack on colonization,

and a warning that God's justice

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would bring violence to the slave

holding states of the of the South.

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It was a revolutionary call

for black pride for unity and

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resistance to the slave states.

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Walker's words and those of other

black northerners like James

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Ford had transformative effect.

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And the historical record is clear.

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Reading these tracks

changed garrison's mind.

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Just two years after Walker's Appeal

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launched his own abolitionist

newspaper called The Liberator.

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In its very first issue, he made

a stunning and public reversal

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issuing an unequivocal recantation.

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His words of his former.

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Gradualist views.

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He wrote that he had publicly quote,

ask pardon of my God, of my country,

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and of my brethren, the poor slaves

for having uttered a sentiment so full

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of timidity and justice and absurdity.

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End quote.

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The radicalization of the white LED

abolitionist movement, therefore was

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not simply an internal evolution.

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It was a direct response to the moral

and intellectual leadership of black

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activists who refused to compromise

on the issue of their own freedom.

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The most powerful of all voices

belonged to a man who had lived

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slavery's horrors and escaped its grasp.

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Frederick Douglass, a brilliant writer

in one of the 19th Century's greatest

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orators, delivered a speech in Rochester,

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laid bare the nation's soul standing

before the white audience gathered

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to celebrate American independence.

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He asked the searing question

of them, what to the slave.

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Is your 4th of July, and he answered

his own question with breathtaking

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force Fellow citizens, pardon

me, allow me to ask, why am I

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called upon to speak here today?

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What have I.

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Those I represent to do with your national

independence are the great principles

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of political freedom and of natural

justice embodied in that Declaration

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of Independence extended to us and am

I therefore called upon to bring our

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humble offering to the national altar

and to confess the benefits and express

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devout gratitude for the blessings

resulted from your independence to us.

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I am not included within the pale

of this glorious anniversary.

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Your high independence only reveals

the immeasurable distance between us.

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The blessings in which you this day

rejoice are not enjoyed in common.

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The rich inheritance of justice, liberty,

prosperity, and independence, bequeathed

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by your father's is shared by you, not me.

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The sunlight that brought

light and healing to you has

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brought stripes and death to me.

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The fourth July is yours, not mine.

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You may rejoice.

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I must mourn to drag a man in Fetters

into the grand illuminated temple of

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Liberty, and call upon him to join you in

joyous anthems where inhuman, mockery and

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sacrilegious irony do you mean citizens

to mock me by asking me to speak this day.

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End quote.

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And he goes on to say even more, allow

me to quote in depth quote, what to

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the American slave is your 4th of July?

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I answer A day That reveals to him

more than all other days in the year,

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the gross injustice and cruelty to

which he is the constant victim to him.

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Your celebration is a sham.

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Your boasted liberty and unholy

license, your national greatness.

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Swelling, vanity.

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The sounds of rejoicing

are empty and heartless.

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Your denunciation of tyrants,

brash fronted impedance.

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Your shouts of liberty

inequality hollow mockery.

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Your prayers and hymns.

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Your sermons and thanksgiving

with all your religious.

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Parade in som the are to him mere bombast,

fraud, deception, and piety and hypocrisy.

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A thin veil to cover up crimes which

would disgrace a nation of savages.

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There is no nation on earth.

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Guilty of practices more shocking and

bloody than are the people of the United

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States at this very hour end quote.

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As you would imagine, this

new uncompromising radicalism

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provoked a furious backlash.

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Abolitionist presses were destroyed,

and activists like Elijah love, joy.

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Were murdered by pro-slavery

mobs in the North in Washington.

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A bipartisan coalition of Congress

passed the gag rule, which automatically

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tabled any position and petition

related to slavery without it even

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being read on the Congress floor.

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A direct assault on a

abolitionist freedom of speech.

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This fight for freedom forced

many to ask a critical question.

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Freedom for whom.

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As women poured their hearts, soul

and labor into the abolitionist cause

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they began to look at their own lives.

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Their own lack of rights for

women, their own legal subjugation

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and recognize their own chains.

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The battle to end slavery was

about to ignite another rebellion,

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one that began at a tea party.

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In Antebellum America, the lives of

most white, middle class women were

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governed by the powerful ideology that

historians call the cult of domesticity,

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or the cult of true womanhood.

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Women were expected to embody four

cardinal virtues, piety, purity.

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Submissiveness and domesticity.

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Their proper sphere was the home

where they were tasked with being the

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spiritual guardians of the family,

raising virtuous children, and

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creating a haven from the corrupting

influences of the outside world.

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This cultural ideal was reinforced

by a harsh legal reality under the

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ancient legal doctrine of curvature.

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A married woman had no separate

legal identity from her husband.

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Her legal existence was

covered by his existence.

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He gained legal control over any property

she owned when they married any wages she

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earned and had legal authority over their

children as the Declaration of sentiments

366

would later put it in the eyes of the law.

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A married woman was civilly dead.

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Ironically, women skillfully use this very

ideology that can find them to the home

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to fashion a public role for themselves.

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If they were society's designated

moral guardians, then wasn't

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it their duty to confront the

moral evils plaguing the nation?

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This logic propelled thousands of women

in this time period into the reform

373

movements of the benevolent empire,

especially temperance and abolition.

374

So the link then to the fighting

to end slavery and the fight to

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gain women's rights was a direct.

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Personal powerful link.

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Women like Lucrecia, Mott Elizabeth,

Katie Stanton, Lucy Stone, and

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the remarkable Grimke sisters.

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And, uh, Sarah and Angelina were

tireless and effective abolitionist

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speakers and organizers as they

worked to break the chains of the

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enslaved men and women in the South.

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They were constantly

confronted by their own chains.

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As women, they were

criticized, they were heckled.

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They were condemned by ministers and

community leaders for speaking in

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public, for daring to step outside

of their proper domestic sphere.

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This opposition led them

to a profound realization.

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They saw the direct parallel between

the subjugation of black enslaved

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people and the subjugation of women.

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As Syria Grimke powerfully argued, quote,

whatever is morally right for a man to

390

do is morally right for a woman to do.

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The final straw came at the 1840 World

Anti-Slavery Convention in London.

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After traveling across the Atlantic,

the American female delegates,

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including Lucrecia Mott, and a young

Elizabeth Ka Stanton were denied seats

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and barred from participating simply

because they were women outraged.

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It was there in London that they resolved

to hold a convention in the United

396

States to discuss the rights of women.

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That brings us to the Seneca

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That idea, born out of being.

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Disrespected in London came to fruition

eight years later at a tea party at the

400

home of Jane Hunt in Waterloo, New York.

401

Stanton Mott and a few other women

decided that the time was now they

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placed an ad in a local paper.

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And on July 19th, 1848, about 300

people, mostly from the surrounding

404

area, gathered in the Wesleyan

Chapel in Seneca Falls for the first

405

ever convention on women's rights.

406

The centerpiece of the convention

was the Declaration of Sentiments, a

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document primarily drafted by Stanton.

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It was a stroke of rhetorical genius.

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She deliberately modeled it on the

Declaration of Independence to link the

410

cause of women's rights directly to the

nation's most sacred founding ideals.

411

But it began with a revolutionary edit.

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We hold these truths to be

self-evident that all men.

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And women are created equal.

414

The document then laid out a long list of

quote, repeated injuries and usurpations

415

on the part of man towards woman,

which included denying her the right

416

to vote, the right to her own property,

and wages, and access to education,

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and profitable employments, all with

the direct object of establishing an

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absolute tyranny over her end quote.

419

The convention passed a series of

resolutions, but one was far more

420

controversial than all others.

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The demand for suffrage the right

to vote, the idea was so radical at

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the time that even the progressive

Lucrecia Mott feared it would make

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the entire convention look ridiculous.

424

The resolution was on the verge

of failing until one man stood

425

up to speak in its defense.

426

Other than Frederick Douglass, his

passionate argument swayed the crowd and

427

the resolution passed by a narrow margin.

428

For more than the century.

429

The Seneca Falls Convention was

enshrined in American history as the

430

unambiguous singular starting point of

the organized women's rights movement.

431

But in recent decades, some historians

have challenged this narrative with

432

scholars like Lisa Tetra going so far

as to call it the myth of Seneca Falls.

433

The argument is not that the

convention didn't happen or that

434

it wasn't important, rather that.

435

Elizabeth Katie Stanton and Susan B.

436

Anthony, who were brilliant strategists

and masterful historians of their own

437

movement later constructed an origin story

that deliberately placed their convention

438

at the absolute center of the struggle.

439

This powerful narrative shaping helped

unify their wing of the sufferers

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movement and wrote a clear, heroic,

and politically useful history.

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Other historians like Rosemary Zari.

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Argued that the debate over women's

political rights actually began

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much earlier in the ferment of

the American Revolution itself.

444

So was the Seneca Falls birthplace

of American feminism, or was

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it a pivotal watershed moment?

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Was it an powerful and an enduring symbol?

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Created in hindsight, it's a debate that

remind us as, again, we've seen that

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history is not about what happens or just

about what happens, but is also about the

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stories we choose to tell about it later.

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Regardless though, these reformers,

the preachers, the philosophers, the

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abolitionists, and the feminists in

their quest for a more perfect nation

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had unleashed forces of liberation

that would reshape the United States.

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But even as they fought for the

nation's soul in the north, a

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different kind of revolution was

solidifying its power in the South.

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It was a revolution of production,

of wealth and of human bondage.

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A kingdom built not on ideals, but on a

simple white fiber that was tightening

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its grip on the nation in the world.

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So next time on Star Spangled Studies, we

are going to descend into the heart of the

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south, into the heart of King Cotton, and

we're gonna explore another revolution of

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the 19th century, the cotton revolution.

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I'm Dr.

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G.

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I'll see y'all in the past.