39 Essex Chambers' barrister Flora Curtis talks to Nikki Reisch, Director of the Climate and Energy Programme at the Center for International Environmental Law, and Lucy Maxwell, Co-Director of the Climate Litigation Network, about the ICJ Advisory Opinion on climate change handed down on 23 July 2025. 

Nikki discusses the background to the case and its origins in the work of Pacific Island students. Nikki then discusses the ICJ's conclusion on whether the interpretive principle of lex specialis is relevant to States' climate change obligations. Lucy sets out the ICJ's key findings on the question of States' obligations under international law when it comes to the issue of climate change, both under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement and more broadly. Nikki and Lucy then discuss the Court's conclusions on the legal consequences for States who fail to comply with their international obligations on climate change, before considering the likely impact of the ICJ's decision.

Correction Note: At 25:19 “the State” should say “the Court”. At 28:17 and 38:41 Nikki’s observations were related to continued statehood in the face of sea level rise and not shifting maritime boundaries, reflective of the Court’s observation that sea level rise does not legally affect maritime boundaries or statehood. At 44:05, Nikki’s comment related to a request that has been made to the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, not from which a request has been made.