This podcast episode delves into the backstory of Jesus as revealed in the Old Testament, emphasizing the significance of the tabernacle, sacrifices, and festivals in understanding the entirety of Scripture. I explore how these elements form the foundation for recognizing Jesus as the fulfillment of prophetic imagery throughout the Bible. By examining the story of Jesus on the road to Emmaus, we uncover how the Old Testament scriptures foreshadowed His life and mission. I also address the common pitfalls of reading the Bible in fragmented pieces, which can obscure its unified message. Ultimately, this episode invites us to appreciate the Bible as a cohesive narrative authored by God, revealing His love and redemptive plan for humanity.

Takeaways:

1. Understanding how the Old Testament prepares the way for Jesus is crucial for grasping the New Testament's message.
2. The tabernacle and its components symbolize key truths about Jesus and the nature of worship.
3. Reading the Bible in chronological order helps unify the narrative and reveals the overarching story of redemption.
4. The various sacrifices in the Old Testament foreshadow the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus, illustrating God's plan for salvation.
5. The festivals in the Old Testament serve as prophetic markers culminating in the life and mission of Jesus Christ.
6. The Sabbath represents a divine invitation to trust in God's grace rather than in human efforts to achieve righteousness.

Links referenced in this episode:

1. bible805.com
2. youtube.com/bible805

Welcome to through the Bible in chronological order from Bible 805 and Yvon Prehn. This podcast is a somewhat unique and I trust, a helpful historical and thematic commentary on the readings in the Bible.

It's not a verse by verse study, but one that I pray you'll find thoughtful and challenging.

New episodes are released each Wednesday and today our lesson is the Backstory of Jesus in the Old Testament, how the tabernacle, sacrifices and festivals make up the foundation for understanding the rest of the Bible.

We're going to start out with an incredibly important truth that we see revealed in a little story that's really easy to miss.

This is on the road to Emmaus, and this is right after Jesus rose from the dead. And it says that two of his followers were walking along the road to Emmaus and that Jesus meets up with them.

They start chatting and Luke says they were kept from recognizing who he was. They were distraught because Jesus had been crucified. He was dead and buried. That's all they knew.

They were disappointed because they'd hoped that Jesus was the Messiah, but a crucified Messiah was not what they expected. "And it's the third day,"they said.

I just love that.

Can you imagine how Jesus must have just sort of been going, oh my, you know, just kind of holding it together and, you know, having a hard time not laughing because of what they didn't know. But anyway, they keep walking along and Jesus, it says, he didn't rebuke them. He didn't say, oh, don't you remember what he said? None of that.

But it says, this is so important. Listen carefully, he says, "Beginning with Moses and all the prophets, he explained to them what was said in all the Scriptures concerning himself."

And several hours later they recognized him and he disappears.

This is not the only place in the New Testament where the Old Testament is used to explain what's happening.

In the Book of Matthew, passage after passage includes a phrase similar to this one where it says, "this was to fulfill what was said through the prophet Isaiah" or this or that or whatever.

With a bookkeeper's precision, Matthew continuously footnotes the things Jesus does with statements like this one, referring always back to the Old Testament.

The apostle Paul does similar things where we find statements like this in Acts 17:3, where he says "He reasoned with them from the Scriptures, which was the Old Testament, explaining and proving that Christ would have to suffer."

As Paul went from place to place, he often first went to the local synagogue and he started in this way.

He said, this is what happened in the Old Testament. This is the fulfillment of it constantly going back and showing that what happened with Jesus was not something new, but it had been foretold.

Now pause just a minute before we continue because we tend to read passages like these and not think much of them, but we need to realize how really extraordinary they are.

That is because they're part of a body of proof that our Bibles are indeed the very word of God, written ultimately by one author, God himself, consisting of one story from beginning to end. This is what sets our Bible apart from this one of the things, but one that sets our Bible apart from all other religious writings.

If that's the case, if this is so important, why don't most people see it? Why don't they see this incredible tied together of the Old and New Testament? What's going on here?

I don't think people see it because of the seemingly small but dangerous habit people have of just reading the Bible in bits and pieces.

This is dangerous because if you only read the Bible in bits and pieces, in other words, a lot of people, sadly, they just read stuff in a devotional. You won't see the Bible as a whole by one author or if you take the word of"scholars" and I use the quote marks intentionally as their work is oftentimes based more on fanciful fabrications than historical analysis.

You might chop up the Bible into totally unsubstantiated source documents or this or that or the other, such as the now disproven, but for a time quite unsettling JEDP hypothesis. This was where they suggested that instead of Moses as the one author of the Pentateuch, that a variety of authors wrote it at various times.

Or the Jesus Seminar where this group of again so called scholars decide what parts of the New Testament they feel, they, the scholars, feel Jesus truly said based on simply what they feel is true. And again they just chop it up here and there.

In every case, chopping up the Bible reading in bits and pieces results in an incorrect view of it and one that is ultimately dangerous and destructive to your spiritual life and eternal soul. Now the solution to a proper view of the Bible is what we're doing now.

Reading the Bible in chronological order, but also looking at the entire Bible as we read the early parts of it. Now this is not an easy process. That's why I'm going over it in these lessons to help you.

But again, it's so important because when you see, really see and understand the Bible as one unified story, when you see how all the parts are woven together and when you pair that with the historical facts of the dates when the Bible was written, the only conclusion you can come to is that God, who exists outside of time, is the author of it. Now, I have a chart, I've mentioned this before on God's view outside of time to help you understand this.

It's included in the handouts and, and it's available at www.bible805.com. Because our God is outside of time and knew what would happen in the New Testament future, he could speak correctly about it.

Way back in the Old Testament, we call this whole process prophecy, but it's really simply God speaking of all human history from his viewpoint, proving he is the ultimate author of the entire Bible. That's why we talked about typology last week in our lesson, and we're going to discuss it a little bit more this week.

Typology is where there is a picture of something early in the timeline of the Bible that, though meaningful in itself, will have a more complete fulfillment and often additional expansion in meaning later on. We'll look at the many things in the Old Testament tabernacle, the sacrifices and the festivals that illustrate this.

And again, only one author composing the story of the Bible outside of time could accomplish this for a sure foundation. Trust in the Bible, our God, and the peace that comes with it is the goal of this lesson.

It's not just an apologetic exercise, but it is for your assurance of what you've committed your life to, for your dark nights of the soul. And I'm speaking from experience. You know, it's scary. Existence, the world, the things that happen. It's very scary. And sometimes I'll just lay there at night and just think, now wait a minute, I'm really afraid. But I know that this is true in history and this is true just in the documents. And this is true.

And the only way this could have happened is with a God outside of history. And he says he loves me. And because I can read a tangible Bible that confirms all of this, it makes me feel much more peaceful and assured.

So with that as background, let's get into some of the specifics. Now let me give you some quotes from an Old Testament scholar, Gleason L. Archer.

Now, not all of them were incorrect and did goofy things like the JDEP or whatever it was thing. But here is where Archer talks about the significance of the fulfillment in the New Testament about the Messiah.

This comes from his book A Survey of Old Testament Introduction. And he says

"In general we may say that the Old Testament presented the preparation of which the New Testament was a fulfillment.

"It was the seed and plan of which the New Testament was the glorious fruit. Precisely because Jesus of Nazareth fulfilled what the Old Testament predicted.

His life and deeds possessed an absolute finality rather than his being a mere religious sage like many others. For this reason also, the Gospel of Christ possesses divine validity which sets it apart from all man made religions."

And again, I have to make note of this, that no other religion, none has predictive prophecy like this and then right in the same book fulfills these prophecies thousands of years later. We can date these different things. We know when a prophecy was made, we know when it was fulfilled.

As Archer says, "Other books may contain wise sayings, but none have this millennia of prophetic foretelling and then fulfillment to validate their authority."

The book goes on.

"The New Testament writers view the entire Hebrew Scriptures as a testimony to Jesus Christ, the perfect man who fulfilled all the law, the sacrifice and high priest of the ritual ordinances, the prophet, priest and king of whom the prophets foretold. The Old Testament demonstrates that Jesus and his church were providential, the embodiment of the purposes of God.

The New Testament proves that the Hebrew Scriptures constituted a coherent and integrated organism focused upon a single great theme and exhibiting a single program of redemption."

With what we just looked at as background, let's now look at the specifics of how we can understand these books of the Old Testament as the backstory of Jesus. Let's look back at the tabernacle, its furnishing, the sacrifices and the festivals.

It's like any other area of knowledge.Sports, cooking, various careers. Every area that we study in has its past heroes, its lingo, its shortcut terms. The Bible is no different.

And the rest of the Bible will refer back to the items and events that we'll be talking about and that are discussed in the early books of the Bible. Always with the coming Messiah, with Jesus in mind.

So let's start looking at why God gave such exact instructions on the tabernacle, its furnishings and all the regulations surrounding it. Now we need to look way back in history and realize that people are innately religious, but the form it takes may not be what God wants.

Israel needed a God approved place and way of worship. While in Egypt, the children of Israel most likely practiced some type of sacrifice as sacrificing to Jehovah or really to any God, goes back to the earliest days of humanity. For them, their religion was always spoken of as coming from Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Not from Moses.

Moses was not the start of their religious heritage.

It would have been very unorganized and not at all what God wanted.

The regulations in Leviticus give us a hint of what was going on when it says, this is kind of interesting. And I didn't even see this, to tell you the truth, until I started really studying it, preparing for this lesson.

It says in Leviticus 17:7, "they must no longer offer any of their sacrifices to the goat idols. (Oh really?) Or to demons whom they prostitute themselves. This is to be a lasting ordinance for them and for the generations, generations to come."

Sacrificing the demons. What is that talking about? Well, I did quite a bit more research and in the Jewish Quarterly Review there was a very interesting article, The religion of Israel before Sinai.

And it clarifies a lot about the background and the setting of this verse. And here's what it says in the law of Leviticus.

"Serirum are thus demons of the wilderness, conceived in popular superstition as hairy beings or in the shape of he goats, something like the satyrs in Greek mythology or like the fauns in Roman mythology. To these demons, Israelites offered sacrifices, evidently with the object of securing their goodwill or guarding against their enmity.

Now there's other evidences that we see in these books of what they previously considered quote unquote worship.

When Moses didn't come down from the mountain as quickly as they expected. And by the way, it is a pattern for all of us, for them and for us now that sin often results when we get impatient.

Instead of waiting, they turned to making an idol and engaging in quote unquote worship that included eating, drinking, dancing and revelry. An assumption would follow that this was a sort of worship they were accustomed to, as it was for many pagan societies. That's what they did.

But this is not how God wanted to be worshiped. And so he gives them specific instructions on what they're to do and where they are to do it.

Now, for those listening on the podcast, I'm going to strongly recommend that if possible, you go to the Bible 805 YouTube channel so you can see images of what I'm going to be describing. Go to the YouTube channel, It's very easy to get to. You just go to www. YouTube.com/bible805. I will describe these things, but again, if you want to see pictures of them.

And I got a whole lot of really neat pictures off the web and Wikipedia and different, different resources. They're kind of fun to look at, but moving right along.

First of all, the tabernacle, overall, this tent of worship, it was designed to be a place where God could physically dwell with his people and where they would be reminded of his presence. Now, the instructions in the Bible are so detailed that they were given that we have a very clear idea of how the whole setup worked out.

And that's why we have many of the wonderful illustrations that we have today. So another thing that if you're a teacher, I recommend a couple of resources for you for pictures, images. And these are all reproducible.

If you are teaching a class, you have copyright permission to make copies of what, what they have. You do need to get your own. Don't copy off of mine. It's kind of a little technicality. But,that is important.

The two books are, number one, the Rose Book of Bible charts, maps and timelines. The. All these wonderful illustrations of, you know, the temple, the tabernacle, all of these different things.

And then from Gospel Light, Reproducible Maps, Charts, Timelines and Illustrations, both of these excellent resources.

Now then, the tabernacle itself, we had this big courtyard, and then inside of it was a smaller building.

Inside of that was a smaller room, the Holy of Holies. Now, the entire structure was about 150ft long, 50ft wide, and the most holy place was 35ft long and 15ft wide.

Now, for comparison, and I have a picture of this, a football field is 360ft long and 160ft wide. So the entire tabernacle complex would have been a little, you know, somewhere between, you know, a quarter, a third of that size.

But you, you kind of get that idea. Again, large courtyard or with a smaller building inside.

Now then, the various temple furnishings, when you first enter this big open area was the bronze altar. This was where the sacrifices took place. It signified the necessity to shed blood for the forgiveness of sins. And it came first before anything else.

There was the altar, because we must be cleansed of our sins to approach a holy God. The sacrifices here were a temporary covering of sin, looking ahead to the final sacrifice of Jesus that would completely pay the penalty.

There are many passages through the Bible that refer to it. The Book of Hebrews in the New Testament is probably the most detailed explanation of both the foreshadowing and the fulfillment.

Then you had various sacrifices on the altar. And first of all you had the sin offering, which was for sin.

It also was an example, this particular offering, of how Christian workers are to be fed from their work. They didn't burn up this entire offering, but kept the best parts of it, best parts of this sacrifice as food for the priests and Levites.

Then there was the burnt offering.

This was a complete sacrifice, illustrating how Jesus gave his all and how our lives are supposed to be, you know, a living sacrifice, but a complete sacrifice. This is a sacrifice referred to in Romans 12:1, giving our lives as complete sacrifices to God. Then there were the grain sacrifices.

This was a sacrifice of praise, sharing with others. And it applied to all believers then and now. And then the fellowship offerings, fellowship sacrifices, this look forward to sharing life with Christ.

More than just salvation from damnation, but a continuing relationship, feasting with God.

Now then, what came next is we had the bronze laver. These were big bowls. Well, bowls isn't hardly the term.

Just these giant containers filled with water the priests had to wash every time they made an offering. And it illustrated the essential need of purity for God's people as they live and do ministry.

Going forward, though we're now saved in a kingdom of priests, we need to be continually cleansed by Jesus. And there are two ways that this is done for us today.

First of all, one, through the Word of God.

Now, we might not think about that as a cleansing thing, but it's really interesting. Jesus said in John 15:3, "Now you are clean through the word which I have spoken to you."

Then second, we're made clean through confession and forgiveness. First, John 1:9 talks about if we confess our sins, he's faithful and just to forgive our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.

We confess, he cleanses and forgives. We're also reminded with the bronze laver of Jesus, it foreshadows washing the feet of his disciples.

It's an example of not only does God make us clean, but how we are, on the basis of that, to be involved in continuing servanthood to one another.

Then there was the golden lampstand.

It was the only source of light in the tabernacle, and it symbolized how the coming Messiah, Jesus would be the one and only light of the world. We're also commanded to be lights to our world and to not hide our light.

The table of showbread, it was real bread. You ate it.

Well, the priests ate it. The fine flour speaks of the sinless nature of Christ. Jesus is identified as the bread of life.

It speaks also of fellowship and just unbelievably,think about it, how the Lord wants fellowship with us. In Revelation 3:20, he says, Here I am. I stand at the door and knock.

If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in and eat with that person and they with me.

I can't even really grasp this, that the Lord wants to have dinner with us, he wants to eat with us, he wants interaction with us, he wants fellowship with us. Jesus spent a lot of time eating with his disciples, and sharing food together is such an important part of his church and people.

There were other items. There was the altar of incense, that's often referred to as our prayers. And it was a vital part of worship.

And the fire was not supposed to ever go out on this. We're to pray continuously.

Then there was a veil that was the covering between the Holy of Holies and the holy of between the holy temple and the Holy of Holies. Now, one of the things that's kind of interesting about this, I again learned when I was doing this lesson.

The Holy of Holies, it was just this solid curtain. It didn't have an opening in it. The high priest had to enter the Holy of Holies from the side. This was a solid curtain.

The later veil in Jerusalem was, I believe it was 60ft wide, 30 tall, and it was 4 inches thick. And again, the priests could not go through it. They had to go around it.

But after Jesus death, it was supernaturally torn in half, illustrating that access to God was now free and available to all.

Most significant, the most significant piece of furniture, of course, in the whole tabernacle was the Ark of the Covenant in the Holy of Holies. After it was dedicated, only the high priest could approach it once a year on the day of Atonement to sprinkle blood on the mercy seat.

Blood was shed and then sprinkled on it. God could then look with mercy on covered sins.

However, this covering of sin was only temporary and it had to be repeated again and again in the New Testament.

The Book of Hebrews makes it clear that the death of Christ was the final sacrifice, the final bloodshed, and no longer were animal sacrifices necessary.

An additional note on this, unlike its representation in popular culture and the superstitious views of people in the Old Testament, the Ark itself was not a vessel of power. Its importance is in what it pictured about the coming final atonement of Jesus, where his blood would forever cover and pay the price for our sins.

A summary passage in Hebrews 9:11-14, it says, "but when Christ appeared as a high priest of the good things that have come, he entered once for all into the holy places, not by means of the blood of goats and calves, but by means of his own blood, thus securing an eternal redemption.

For if the blood of goats and bulls and the sprinkling of defiled persons with the ashes of a heifer sanctify them for the purification of the flesh, how much more will the blood of Christ, who, through the eternal Spirit, offered himself without blemish to God, purify our conscience from dead works to serve the living God?"

I have, if you again are looking at the videos, additional artists, representations of the Ark of the Covenant, it's rather interesting to see how they do the different things.

But then another thing that's really kind of interesting to me again, as I studied it more, is that the design of these pieces are very similar to images from King Tut's treasures. And I have a number of images from his tomb that you can see.

And what I think this shows us is that God uses contemporary styles and skills for his glory, his work, what he told people to do with the tabernacle, it wasn't this really strange, weird, otherworldly, you know, kind of thing. No, he used styles that they could identify with, and he used them, though, for his glory.

And think about it, too, the human creators of the tabernacle pieces, the metalwork, all of that kind of thing, they were obviously trained in Egypt. And so they did things in a similar style, but with just really extraordinary skill and beauty.

And then we have the feasts following.

I'm going in, in the next few minutes, I'm going to tell you the name of the feast. We have all these different ones listed, its contemporary meaning or the reason that the Israelites celebrated it.

And then we're going to talk about how it will be fulfilled or was fulfilled in the life of Jesus and the church, and then some additional comments on them, because some of the feasts also look ahead.

First of all, the Passover, its meaning to the Israelites, it was redemption from Egypt, and it was fulfilled, of course, through Christ's crucifixion. The Last Supper was a Passover celebration.

The first fruits. That was the first grain of the harvest.And it was fulfilled in the resurrection of Christ, the first to rise from the dead. And we also will rise because of that.

The Feast of Weeks or Pentecost. The contemporary meaning for them was the in gathering of the first harvest.And it was fulfilled with the coming of the Holy Spirit and the birth of the church 50 days after the resurrection.

Now, here are some more feasts. And again, I'm going over this very quickly, but, you know, that's all we have time for right now.

But the thing that I want you to see is that God gave these for a reason. They were a picture.

And if people, I think, really thought about it, spent time with the Lord, particularly once they thought about it back in the New Testament, the meeting became much clearer, much richer. We had the Feast of Trumpets. The contemporary meaning and celebration was it was to prepare people for the Day of Atonement.

And it'll be fulfilled when Christ's second coming takes place. It talks about how he will descend with voice of the archangel, angel and the trump of God.

Then, of course, the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. The contemporary meaning was it was a solemn assembly for the forgiveness of sins and will be fulfilled in the final reconciliation of Israel with the Messiah at his second coming.

The Feast of Booths. The contemporary meaning, the final harvest. It'll be fulfilled in the kingdom of God on earth.

And of course, over all these, weaving through all of these, we have the Sabbath that is a weekly sign of God's covenant, our rest from our works in Jesus. It's a sign of ongoing grace. Now let me say just a little bit more about the Sabbath. The Sabbath here and the year of Jubilee.

The Sabbath every seven days, the Sabbath year, the seventh year, the year of Jubilee, the 50th year. The underlying truth in all of these is that they were to be times to trust God.

They were supposed to be observed by resting, not working, canceling debts, returning the land to original owners, and other acts of trust. Ultimately, they're illustrations of grace, God's totally unmerited favor to us.

For them and us, it's still a way to express our trust in God's grace by merely being still, sitting still, by resting. We rest outwardly to signify our inner trust in God's grace for our salvation.

That is ultimately how the Sabbath was fulfilled in Jesus, as he is the final solution to all our striving, all our work to make ourselves right with God. Jesus paid it all. All to him. I owe, says the old hymn and trusting him completely for our salvation is a true observance of the Sabbath.

When Jesus came, then the meticulous rules were no longer important or necessary. They were a picture of what was to come in Jesus trying to observe all sorts of legalistic rules.

After Jesus came and fulfilled all the law looked forward to was and is a denial of his life, death and resurrection, as the book of Galatians explains in so much more detail. And that's why the Jews of today try so hard with their Sabbath observances.

That's why too, though they no longer apply to us.That's why it was now okay to heal, to do good, to observe a different day of rest, worship and praise than strictly the Jewish Sabbath. Because again, Jesus paid it all. He fulfilled it all. Now what do we learn from all of this? All these things truly make up the backstory for Jesus.

His life, death, resurrection, creation of the church in return for his people, fulfilled and will fulfill what these were pictures of. It makes sense to us now as we see the finished work of Christ being part of the church and look forward to his coming return.

But think how different it would have been just to the people experiencing it then. Their previous sacrifices and worship style. We mentioned that they sacrificed to demons in the past. Sacrifices of fear and pleading for protection.

No praise, no thanksgiving, just fear. When Moses didn't come back for 40 days, they immediately constructed a golden calf and engaged in drunken immorality.

What kind of religions were these? One of fear and placating evil spirits. Of serving gods they made of self indulgence. Both approaches are so similar to what many people try today.

Neither way of worship worked then and it doesn't work now. A groveling fear of God or worship. That's all about me and doing what I want to do, what makes me feel good.

Neither of these are true worship of God, though many try today.

In contrast, this is what C.S. Lewis said. "I wouldn't go to religion to make me happy. I always knew a bottle of port would do that. If you want a religion to make you feel really comfortable, I certainly don't recommend Christianity."

And as ancient Israel couldn't serve God in the ways they wanted, we can't either. Again, here's what C.S. Lewis says.

'Give up yourself and you will find your real self. Lose your life and you will save it. Submit to death. Death of your ambitions and favorite wishes every day and death of your whole body in the end.

Submit with every fiber of your being and you will find eternal life. Keep nothing back, nothing that you've not given away will be really yours. Nothing in you that has not died will ever be raised from the dead.

Look for yourself and you will find in the long run only hatred, loneliness, despair, rage, ruin and decay. But look for Christ and you will find him, and with him, everything else thrown in."

The amazing thing is that when we give ourselves to God, when we worship as he wants, is when we find what we've always wanted, always longed for. The more we let God take us over, the more truly ourselves we become. Because he made us. He invented us.

He invented all the different people that you and I were intended to be. It is when I turn to Christ, when I give up myself to his personality, that I first begin to have a real personality of my own again."

That's C.S. Lewis, and one more quote from him. "The mold in which a key is made would be a strange thing if you'd never seen a key. And the key itself is strange thing if you've never seen a lock.

Your soul has a curious shape because it is hollow, made to fit a particular swelling in the infinite contours of the divine substance, or a key to unlock one of the doors in the house with many mansions. Your place in heaven will seem to be made for you and you alone, because you were made for it.

Made for it stitch by stitch, as a glove is made for a hand. We become what we were created to be."

What will make us most happy and fulfilled when we trust God and follow his ways and worship in the way he wants. It's a story that hasn't changed from the earliest days of God calling a people out of Egypt to us today.

In closing, I trust that in this lesson you caught a glimpse of the unity of the grand story of the Bible and how the Old Testament forms the backstory of Jesus, that he wasn't simply an inspiring person who appeared and died a tragic death, but the fulfillment of pictures and promises from the earliest days of the Bible. From beginning to end. The Bible is the story of how God.

How the God who loves us beyond all we can imagine is working out the plotline of redemption for his creation who turned their back on him and the perfect world he created for them.

It's about how God worked through the centuries, telling the story bit by bit, assembling a people, His Word, sending His Son to be the final sacrifice and calling out a people. And that now includes you and me. It is not only Jesus backstory, but ours as well.

And my prayer for all of us is that in our words and actions that we share God's ongoing story of love and salvation. Truly and well. That's all for now. For notes from this lesson, related resources and links to teaching materials, go to www.bible805.com.

In closing, I'm Yvon Prehn, your fellow pilgrim, writer and teacher for Jesus, and I'd like to close with this benediction.

May you know the invitation of God to move from confusion to clarity, from wandering to rest, from loneliness to knowing you are loved, from turmoil to peace, from wherever you are on your spiritual journey to a growing knowledge of God's Word and in your personal relationship with the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Amen.