Should Christians get involved in politics? Aren’t we supposed to keep church and state separate? What does the Bible say about all of this? In our last lesson we talked about the biblical principles upon which America was founded. In this lesson we’ll talk about the overlap between earthly politics and heavenly thinking as we answer the question: What does the Bible say about citizenship? We find the answer when we understand the four types of government in the Bible.
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The Bible presents a comprehensive framework for understanding governance, not merely as a human invention but as divinely instituted. When we think of this word, we usually apply it only to civil governance, but the Bible shows us that there’s so much more to it. Let’s start with a basic definition: Governance is directing the affairs of an individual or group under established principles and laws. The opposite of governance can be described as anarchy or chaos, where there is a lack of structure, direction, or control. Anarchy implies the absence of authority or established principles to guide behavior and decision-making. In a biblical sense, the absence of governance often leads to disorder and the breakdown of societal harmony, as seen in instances like the time of the judges when "everyone did what was right in their own eyes" (Judges 21:25). This highlights the necessity of God-ordained governance – linked to his fixed moral law – for maintaining order and flourishing.
At the heart of this framework is the foundational truth that God created humanity to govern the earth under His authority. In Genesis 1:28, God commands Adam and Eve to “Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground.” Genesis 2:15 highlights their role as stewards: “The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it.” This divine mandate establishes humanity’s responsibility to exercise wise and faithful governance over creation. That plays out through four distinct types of governance listed in the Bible: self-government, family government, civil government, and church government. Each plays an important role in God’s design for order and flourishing.
The concept of self-government is first introduced in Genesis 3, when God places Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden with a clear mandate: to tend the garden and to abstain from eating from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Genesis 2:16-17). This command required personal responsibility and moral accountability. When Adam and Eve failed to govern themselves, sin entered the world (Genesis 3:6-7), highlighting the critical role of self-governance in maintaining harmony with God and creation.
Self-government is the cornerstone of biblical governance. Proverbs 16:32 emphasizes, “Better a patient person than a warrior, one with self-control than one who takes a city.” The New Testament further underscores the importance of self-governance through the fruit of the Spirit, which includes self-control (Galatians 5:22-23). A society thrives when individuals practice self-discipline and align their lives with God’s moral law.
The family is the first human institution established by God, beginning with the union of Adam and Eve (Genesis 2:24). In Genesis 4, the narrative of Cain and Abel reveals the dynamics of family relationships and the consequences of failing to uphold familial responsibilities.
The New Testament provides further guidance for family governance. Ephesians 5:22-6:4 outlines roles and responsibilities within the family: husbands are to love their wives as Christ loves the church, wives are to respect their husbands, and parents are to raise their children in the “training and instruction of the Lord.” This structure reflects God’s design for nurturing individuals who can practice self-government and contribute positively to society.
Civil government is established in Genesis 9, following the flood. God’s covenant with Noah includes the institution of human authority to uphold justice: “Whoever sheds human blood, by humans shall their blood be shed; for in the image of God has God made mankind” (Genesis 9:6). This verse underscores the role of civil government in protecting life and administering justice.
Romans 13:1-7 expands on the purpose of civil government, describing it as God’s servant to do good and to punish wrongdoing. Civil authorities are tasked with maintaining order and ensuring justice, acting as agents of God’s common grace. However, civil government is not autonomous; it is accountable to God and must operate within the bounds of His moral law. In Acts 5:29, Peter says, “We must obey God rather than people” when the rules of this world go against God’s commands. Daniel’s story (Daniel 6) and the brave actions of the Hebrew midwives (Exodus 1) remind us that we should stand up for God’s ways when needed.
Church government is instituted to provide spiritual oversight and guidance. Jesus’ declaration in Matthew 16:18, “I will build my church,” establishes the church as a distinct entity under His authority. The early church’s structure is detailed in the New Testament, with roles such as elders, deacons, and pastors outlined in passages like 1 Timothy 3 and Titus 1.
The primary role of church government is to shepherd God’s people, ensuring sound teaching, administering sacraments, and fostering spiritual growth. Hebrews 13:17 urges believers to “have confidence in your leaders and submit to their authority, because they keep watch over you as those who must give an account.” Church government operates in partnership with family and civil government, addressing spiritual matters and promoting godly living.
These four types of government—self, family, civil, and church—are interdependent and must operate in harmony for society to function as God intended. Self-government is foundational, enabling individuals to contribute positively to family, civil, and church governance. Family government nurtures and trains individuals in righteousness. Civil government maintains justice and order, while church government provides spiritual guidance and oversight.
When each sphere respects its God-given boundaries and responsibilities, society flourishes. As believers, understanding and embracing these principles equips us to live faithfully and advocate for a biblically grounded vision of governance in every aspect of life.
The Bible teaches that believers are citizens of heaven first. In Philippians 3:20, Paul writes, “But our citizenship is in heaven, and we eagerly wait for our Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ.” This means our main focus should be living for God. Philippians 1:27 adds, “Whatever happens, live in a way that shows you love Jesus and follow Him.” Knowing we belong to God changes how we live and treat others.
The Bible gives us a few clear ways to be good citizens in our communities:
As citizens of both heaven and earth, Christians are called to live with purpose, integrity, and love. By respecting earthly authorities, working for the good of their communities, and prioritizing God’s kingdom above all, believers can be a powerful witness to the world. When we live in this way, we honor God, bless others, and share the hope and light of Jesus Christ wherever we go.