In Episode 5 of Star-Spangled Studies, Dr. G unpacks the radical shift from proud British subjects (post-1763) to bold American rebels. Topics covered include:

• Aftermath of the Seven Years’ War and imperial debt

• Royal Proclamation of 1763 and colonial backlash

• Stamp Act upheaval and “No Taxation Without Representation”

• Intersection of the Great Awakening & Enlightenment ideas

• Boston Massacre, Tea Party & Intolerable Acts

• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence

• Key battles, Franco-American alliance & Yorktown victory

• Loyalists, women & the paradox of slavery in a revolution of liberty

**Links & Resources:**

– Instagram: [@star_spangled_studies](https://www.instagram.com/star_spangled_studies)

– Facebook: [Star-Spangled Studies](https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61576389415625)

Hello, y'all.

2

It's me.

3

It's me.

4

It's Dr.

5

G.

6

Welcome back to Star Spangled Studies.

7

Now I want you to picture something.

8

It's 1763.

9

The British Empire is on top of the world.

10

They had just defeated their arch

rival in France and they won the

11

massive global conflict, possibly what

we might call the first World War.

12

The Seven Years War, or the

French and Indian War in America,

13

the colonists are celebrating.

14

A young Philadelphia named Benjamin

Rush visiting parliament saw the king's

15

throne and he said, quote, he felt

as if he walked on sacred ground with

16

emotions that I cannot describe and quote.

17

They, the colonists were proud.

18

To be British.

19

They were British subjects and they

felt that they enjoyed a degree of Li

20

liberty that was simply unknown in the

absolute monarchies of France and Spain.

21

Fast forward, just over a decade, those

same colonists are at war with that same

22

empire declaring their independence and

severing those emotional ties forever.

23

How on earth did this happen?

24

That's our question today and the answer

as future President John Adams would later

25

argue wasn't just about battles and taxes

he wrote, and this may be one of my all

26

time favorite quotes, quote, but what

do we mean by the American Revolution?

27

Do we mean the American War?

28

The revolution was affected

before the war commenced.

29

The revolution was in the

minds and hearts of the people.

30

This radical change in principles,

opinions, sentiments, and affection of the

31

people was the real American Revolution.

32

End quote.

33

I.

34

That was powerful stuff.

35

But today we are going to journey

into those minds and hearts.

36

We're gonna trace the path

from proud British subjects

37

to defiant American rebels.

38

We'll look at the imperial blunders, the

powerful ideas, the riots in the streets,

39

and the quiet revolutions happening in

homes and churches across the colonies.

40

That all eventually led to the

birth of these United States.

41

So grab your Trico hats.

42

The story of the American

Revolution begins now.

43

So let's go.

44

The year 1763 should have been.

45

A monument of triumph

for the British Empire.

46

The Treaty of Paris had just been signed.

47

The seven years war was over.

48

In fact, historian Winston Churchill,

who was later a British Prime Minister,

49

he called this the first World

War Britain had vanquished France.

50

It's.

51

Longtime enemy and it seized vast

territories in North America,

52

including Canada and all land

east of the Mississippi River.

53

The colonists who had fought

alongside the British red coats

54

were jubilant at this situation.

55

Benjamin Franklin, as I had mentioned

56

about the mood of the colonist quote.

57

No one can rejoice more sincerely than I

do the reduction and the defeat of Canada.

58

And this not merely as I am a colonist,

but as I am a Britain end quote,

59

but victory as it so often does.

60

Came with a massive hangover.

61

The war, as one historian has put, it

had been enormously expensive and the

62

British national debt had nearly doubled.

63

Parliament back in London now faced

the daunting task of governing

64

and defending a much larger and

more complex American empire.

65

Their solution was to keep a standing army

of 10,000 British troops in North America,

66

a decision that would lead to quote.

67

A variety of problems with the colonists

End quote and cost a staggering

68

250,000 pounds sterling per year.

69

The first major policy to emerge from this

new reality was the Royal Proclamation of

70

1763, which I had mentioned last episode.

71

I.

72

Fresh off the brutal Frontier

Conflict, known as Pontiac's War or

73

Pontiac's Rebellion, a pan-Indian

uprising against British policies,

74

the Crown sought to avoid a more

costly war with those on the frontier.

75

To do this, it drew a line right down

the spine of the Appalachian Mountains

76

and simply forbade the colonial

settlements from moving west of it.

77

The language was stark ordering any white

settlers to remove themselves immediately.

78

For many colonists, especially

the ambitious Gentry class.

79

Who saw their future

fortunes in the Western land?

80

Speculation.

81

This was a stunning blow.

82

George Washington, a land

speculator himself was furious.

83

He fumed that the proclamation

was discriminatory, preventing

84

colonists from acquiring valuable

lands and paying off personal debts.

85

In a letter to a friend, he revealed

his true feelings dismissing the king's

86

decree as nothing more than a quote.

87

Temporary expedient to quiet

the minds of the Indians.

88

End quote.

89

He urged his friend to ignore it.

90

Quote, any person therefore, who neglects

the present opportunity of hunting

91

out good lands will never regain it.

92

End quote.

93

This reaction shows more than

just economic frustration.

94

It reme reveals if fundamental

breakdown in respect for the

95

king and imperial authority.

96

This ideological shock was

a critical turning point.

97

Before 1763, colonists largely

saw themselves as partners in

98

a glorious British enterprise.

99

They saw themselves as British

subjects with British rights

100

afforded to all British subjects.

101

The proclamation, however,

treated them not as partners in

102

this British enterprise, but.

103

As peoples to be managed and contained.

104

It wasn't just a line on the map,

it was more like a line in the sand.

105

Historians have argued that the

resentment, it caused quote, bonded

106

Americans of varying socioeconomic

backgrounds on a philosophical

107

level, and it marked the beginning

of a clear ideological break with

108

the mother country end quote.

109

It planted the first seeds of

a common American identity and

110

grievance, and it was defined by that

shared grievance against a distant

111

authority that didn't understand

the realities across the Atlantic.

112

With the empire's finances in

shambles, the British Parliament

113

turned to the colonies to help

pay for the war in the Army.

114

Now stationed there, this unleashed a

flurry of legislation that colonists came

115

to call the Alphabet Soup of Taxation,

116

Act of 1764, and the Townsend Acts of

117

the colonies and to raise tax revenue.

118

To pay one for the war, and two for

the continued soldiers that remained.

119

But the one that truly ignited a firestorm

120

This was the first direct internal

tax levied on the colonists

121

by parliament requiring a paid

stamp on nearly all paper goods.

122

You wanna buy a newspaper,

you're gonna need a stamp.

123

Do you want to get something notarized

or another legal document, like a will?

124

You gotta pay a stamp?

125

Do you wanna buy playing cards?

126

Yeah, those need a stamp.

127

It affected literally everyone.

128

The core of the conflict wasn't

just about the money to be paid,

129

although that was a part of it.

130

It created a profound

constitutional co uh, crisis.

131

The colonists who saw themselves

as possessing all the rights

132

of Englishmen, rallied around

a cry that we all know today.

133

No taxation without representation.

134

They argued that only their own

elected local colonial assemblies,

135

not some distant parliament.

136

Where they had no representatives

had the right to tax them.

137

The British government countered with

a theory and it wasn't a good one.

138

The theory of virtual representation,

claiming that the members of Parliament

139

represented the interests of all

British subjects wherever they lived.

140

This was a fundamental and

ultimately inconceivable and

141

irreconcilable disagreement.

142

And it really turned the head of

many in the colonies about the nature

143

of power, liberty, and the effects,

or at least how far the British

144

Constitution went in protecting them.

145

This growing anger wasn't just happening

in the halls of colonial assemblies.

146

It was being fueled by a revolution

of ideas happening in the colonies.

147

These ideas were being circulated

in churches in taverns and in

148

the inflates of popular press.

149

With each new taxation.

150

With each new setback, the seeds

of revolution started to sprout.

151

Last episode, we had talked about the

Great Awakening, but the Great Awakening

152

is only really possible with another huge

movement that happens at the same time.

153

And that's the enlightenment and I.

154

Even though the Great Awakening and the

Enlightenment are seemingly at odds,

155

the two of them together converged to

create a population in the colonies

156

uniquely primed to question authority

and imagine a different future.

157

The Great Awakening, as we talked about,

was a massive transatlantic religious

158

revival, and it swept through the colonies

159

It was emotional, it was personal.

160

Maybe most important, it

was profoundly democratic.

161

Anybody could be a part of it.

162

These charismatic itinerant preachers

like the Englishman George Whitfield,

163

who traveled from town to town and

giving these fiery sermons to huge

164

crowds, uh, because established

churches wouldn't let him in.

165

His message was simple.

166

Formal religion was not enough.

167

Simply going to church, didn't.

168

Fulfill nor lead you to heaven.

169

Each individual needed to

cultivate a direct as well as

170

emotional conversion experience.

171

They needed a new birth.

172

Even a skeptic like Benjamin

Franklin found himself.

173

Captivated by Whitfield's powerful Oratory

Franklin recounted attending one of his

174

sermons, having decided to beforehand

not to donate to Whitfield's cause.

175

But as the sermon progressed, Franklin

softened first deciding to give him his

176

copper coins, then his silver, and finally

he was so moved that he quote, emptied my

177

pocket wholly into the collector's dish.

178

Golden all End quote.

179

While Whitfield moved hearts with passion

preachers like Jonathan Edwards of

180

Massachusetts moved them with terror.

181

We had talked about sinners

in the hands of an angry God.

182

I.

183

In a time before electricity, these

sermons had the effect of electricity

184

causing people to cry out in fear

and to seek immediate salvation.

185

The emphasis on individual experience

challenged the authority of the

186

established clergy, the old light,

and they were seen as being uninspired

187

and stoic and not really progressive.

188

More importantly as historian Mark

Noel observed, the awakening was quote,

189

America's first truly national event,

and it created a shared cultural and

190

religious experience that connected

colonists from New England to Georgia.

191

Running parallel to this wave of

religious fervor was the enlightenment.

192

The enlightenment was a philosophical

movement that celebrated reason,

193

scientific inquiry, and natural rights.

194

Many famous thinkers like John Locke

argued that individuals possess inherent

195

rights to life, liberty, and property,

and that government was a contract

196

created to protect those rights.

197

This intellectual current fostered a deep

suspicion of unchecked power like kings.

198

This is vividly demonstrated in the

199

that we had talked about last episode.

200

Nevertheless, for decades,

historians have debated the real

201

cause of the American revolution.

202

Was it a high-minded intellectual

struggle for liberty or was it

203

driven by the economic and social

grievances of different classes?

204

There are different schools of

thought within this, but maybe the

205

most compelling understanding lies

in the synthesis of several views.

206

As Gary Nash puts it, quote,

everyone has economic interests

207

and everyone has an ideology.

208

End quote, the two are

not mutually exclusive.

209

Economic grievances filled with

philosophical and ideological

210

differences about liberty and natural

rights provided the language and

211

the intellectual framework that

colonists needed to articulate the.

212

They're very real grievances about

economic and social structure.

213

The fear of being reduced to

slavery by British taxation.

214

That's the words the colonists use.

215

And this idea was so potent

precisely because the very real

216

institution of chattel slavery was

a daily reality in their world.

217

So the ideas of the Enlightenment

and the great awakening gave meaning,

218

justification, and a revolutionary power

to the anger that they felt in the docs,

219

in the workshops, and in the farms.

220

Across the colonies, ideas are

powerful, but they don't start

221

a revolution on their own.

222

They need action.

223

And that action came in Boston, a city

simmering already with resentment.

224

Action that was about to

explode onto the streets.

225

The intellectual and religious fervor

of the mid 18th century provided

226

the Tinder, but it was a series of

escalating confrontations centered.

227

The fiery report of Boston

that provided the spark.

228

A key battleground in this conflict

was surprisingly, the marketplace.

229

The colonies had undergone a consumer

revolution becoming enthusiastic

230

buyers of British goods like the tea,

textiles and fine mahogany furniture.

231

This trade tied them culturally and

economically to the Empire themes

232

that we checked out last episode.

233

But when Parliament began imposing

new taxes, colonists weaponized

234

their consumption patterns.

235

They organized non importation agreements.

236

They boycotted British goods in a

powerful display of collective resistance.

237

Wearing home spun cloth instead

of the fine British textiles

238

became a political statement.

239

They.

240

Badge of virtue against what

they saw as British luxury and

241

consumption and British overreach.

242

This economic pressure cooker

was bound to explode, and it did.

243

March 5th, 1770.

244

Tensions between resentful Bostonians

and the British soldiers quartered in

245

their cities erupted into violence.

246

A street confrontation

escalated until panicked.

247

British red coats fired into a

crowd killing five colonists.

248

Patriots like Paul Revere and Sam

Adams immediately seized on the event

249

branding it the Boston Massacre.

250

Revere's famous engravings of

the incident depicted organized

251

British soldiers firing on helpless.

252

Unarmed crowd was a masterpiece of

propaganda that circulated throughout

253

the colonies, flaming the flames

of anti British resentment, but

254

it didn't start the revolution.

255

Three years later, another protest

sent shockwaves across the Atlantic.

256

In 1773, parliament passed the Tea Act.

257

It wasn't a new tax, but it actually gave

the struggling British East India company

258

a monopoly on the American tea trade.

259

I.

260

The colonists saw this as a Trojan

horse, a sneaky attempt to make them

261

accept parliament's right to tax them.

262

On the night of December 16th, 1773,

a group of the Sons of Liberty thinly

263

disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded

three ships in Boston Harbor and dumped

264

342 chests of tea into the water.

265

This act of defiance, which became known

as the Boston Tea Party, was a direct

266

assault on British property and authority.

267

But that didn't start the revolution.

268

Parliament reacted and it was

swift, and boy was it punitive.

269

In 1774, it passed a series of

laws that the colonists dubbed the

270

intolerable Acts or the coercive acts.

271

They were designed to crush

Massachusetts and make an example

272

of it for its disobedience.

273

The most draconian was the Boston

Port Act, which closed the city's

274

harbor to all trade until the

destroyed tea was paid for.

275

It was basically an economic death

sentence, but instead of isolating

276

Massachusetts, the intolerable acts

actually had an opposite effect.

277

The other colonies saw the

punishment of Boston as an attack

278

on the rights of all Americans.

279

Hey, if they could do this to

Boston, they can do this to us in

280

a remarkable display of solidarity.

281

Other colony sent supplies

to the blockade city.

282

This shared threat led to the convening

of the first continental Congress in

283

Philadelphia in 1774, where delegates

from 12 of the 13 colonies met to

284

coordinate a unified resistance.

285

It was a momentous step

to towards nationhood.

286

Yet, even as war callouts are gathering,

most colonists still hesitated at the

287

final radical step of independence.

288

That changed in January, 1776 with the

publication of a 47 page pamphlet that

289

would alter the course of history.

290

I.

291

Common sense by Thomas Payne.

292

Payne was a recent immigrant from England,

and he wrote, not in the lofty language

293

of philosophers, but in the plain,

fiery language of the common person.

294

He attacked the very idea of monarchy as

absurd, and the institution of hereditary

295

succession as an insult to reason.

296

He famously argued, quote.

297

Small islands not capable of protecting

themselves are the proper objects for

298

kingdoms to take under their care.

299

But there is something absurd in

supposing a continent to be perpetually

300

governed by an island end quote.

301

Pain reframed the entire conflict,

elevating it from a dispute over taxes to

302

a world historical struggle for liberty.

303

Declaring quote, the cause of America is

a great measure, the cause of all mankind.

304

Common sense became an instant bestseller.

305

It sold an estimated 150,000 copies

and reached hundreds of thousands of

306

more people through public readings

in taverns and in town squares.

307

It shattered one of the final

psychological barriers to independence

308

and convinced countless Americans that

the complete break with Britain was not

309

just necessary but a moral imperative.

310

Payne's words turned a colonial rebellion.

311

A revolution for a new kind of nation.

312

The final step was to make it official.

313

The Declaration of Independence

and the brutal war that fought to

314

make its war and a reality is next.

315

The War of Independence didn't begin with.

316

A grand declaration, but with the

crack of a musket on a village green.

317

On April 19th, 1775, British

troops marched from Boston to seize

318

colonial arms stored in Concord.

319

They were met by colonial militia

men in Lexington, and the quote, shot

320

heard round the world, ignited a war.

321

The fighting that day, which saw

the British harassed all the way

322

back to Boston by swarms of farmers

and artisans, prove that this would

323

be no easy rebellion to crush.

324

A year later, July 4th, 1776, the

second Continental Congress adopted

325

the Declaration of Independence,

primarily the work of Thomas Jefferson.

326

This document was far more than

a political breakup letter.

327

It was a profound philosophical statement

In an indictment of King George III,

328

laying out a list of grievances to

justify the rebellion to the world.

329

Its most endearing and enduring

passage, of course, proclaimed

330

a new basis of government.

331

Quote.

332

We hold these truths to be self-evident

that all men are created equal, that

333

they are endowed by their creator

with certain unalienable rights,

334

that among these are life, liberty,

and the pursuit of happiness.

335

This language of universal rights

would become the American creed.

336

A promise the New nation would

spend the next two centuries.

337

Struggling to live up to.

338

On paper, the fight was

a colossal mismatch.

339

The colonists were taking on

the 18th century equivalent.

340

Of a superpower.

341

The life of a common soldier

in the continental Army was

342

one of incredible hardship.

343

We can see this in their own words.

344

They faced brutal winters, chronic

shortages of food, clothing, and pay.

345

General Washington sharing in their

suffering of Valley Forge constantly

346

pleaded with Congress for support

amidst the immense public burden.

347

The personal toll was also heavy.

348

A letter to his wife, Martha, during

the war Washington wrote, I retain

349

an unalterable affection for you,

which neither time nor distance

350

can change a point and reminder

of the human cost of the conflict.

351

So how did the Patriots win?

352

Well, the turning point came in 1777

with the stunning American victory at the

353

Battle of Saratoga in upstate New York.

354

This victory was monumental because

it convinced France that the American

355

cause was not a hopeless one.

356

Benjamin Franklin, the diplomatic genius,

leveraged the victory to secure a formal

357

alliance with Britain's old rival.

358

The entry of France into the war

transformed the conflict from a colonial

359

rebellion into another global war.

360

Suddenly, Britain had to defend its empire

in the Caribbean, in Europe, and in India.

361

The French provided the

Americans with money, weapons,

362

soldiers, and most crucially.

363

A Navy.

364

That Navy proved decisive in the

365

The French fleet under Admiral Degrass

blockaded the Chesapeake Bay cutting off

366

any chance of escape or reinforcement

for the main British army under Lauren

367

Corn Wallace trapped in the peninsula.

368

Kowa was besieged by a combined force

of American and French troops led by

369

Washington and the Compte RoCE Bo.

370

On October 19th, 1781, Kowa surrendered.

371

The world was quite literally, I.

372

Turned upside down.

373

The war was effectively over.

374

The war was won, independence was

secured, but the revolution was

375

not just a war against Britain.

376

It was a war that tore

American society apart.

377

So who truly won and who lost?

378

Well, that's what we'll talk about next.

379

The American Revolution was, in many

ways, America's first civil war.

380

The society was deeply divided.

381

While Patriots fought for independence,

an estimated 20% of the colonial

382

population remained loyalist, those

faithful to the British crown.

383

These were often the royal

officials, Anglican clergymen, or

384

merchants whose livelihood depended

on the trade with the empire.

385

They faced harassment, they had their

property confiscated, and many were

386

forced into exile, becoming refugees,

many of which fled to Canada or England.

387

Their voices offer a powerful counter

narrative to the triumphant patriot story.

388

The loyalist writer James Chalmers, in his

pamphlet Plain Truth argued that a break

389

with Britain would lead to chaos, claiming

that for the colonies, quote, independence

390

and slavery are synonymous terms.

391

End quote.

392

Governor William Franklin of New Jersey,

Benjamin Franklin's own son warned the

393

rebels that they were choosing a road

that would lead to anarchy, misery,

394

and all the horrors of a civil war.

395

End quote, the revolutionary fervent.

396

Also stirred women to question

their place in society.

397

They had been central to the resistance

during and before and during the war.

398

They organized boycotts and they

managed farms and businesses.

399

In the absence of men, the rhetoric

of liberty was not lost on them,

400

and the most famous expression

of which came from Abigail Adams.

401

In a letter to her husband, John Adams,

402

founders were contemplating independence,

she issued a powerful plea quote.

403

I desire you would remember the

ladies and be more generous and

404

favorable to them than your ancestors.

405

Do not put such unlimited power

into the hands of their husbands.

406

End quote.

407

Then came the famous warning quote, if

particular care and attention is not

408

paid to the ladies, we are determined

to foment a rebellion and will not hold

409

ourselves bound by any laws in which

we have no voice or representation.

410

John Adams reply was telling.

411

He dismissed her plea laughing off

her extraordinary code of laws and

412

joking that men knew better than

to repeal their masculine systems.

413

He refused to give up the name

of Masters to what he called

414

the despotism of the petite.

415

This exchange perfectly captures both

the radical potential and the limits

416

of the revolution's promise for women.

417

A new republic was being born, but

its patriarchal structure would try to

418

remain and it would firmly in place.

419

Nowhere was the revolution's hypocrisy,

more glaring than on the issue of slavery.

420

The colonists cried out against

being enslaved by the British and

421

their taxes while they themselves.

422

Held hundreds of thousands of

people in slavery, and this

423

contradiction was not lost on anyone.

424

African slaves seized the moment using

the Patriot's own revolutionary language.

425

To demand their freedom.

426

In 1775 Virginia's Royal Governor, Lord

Dunmore, seeing this contradiction issued

427

a proclamation offering freedom to any

enslaved man who escaped his patriot

428

master and joined the British cause.

429

Thousands of enslaved people

risked their lives to do so.

430

Turning the war into possibly the

largest slave rebellion in American

431

history up until that point.

432

At the same time, thousands

of black men fought.

433

For the Patriot cause despite George

Washington's initial reluctance to arm

434

them, black soldiers like Peter Salem

served with distinction from the earliest

435

battles, including the one in Bunker

Hill and throughout the war people.

436

Especially enslaved people

submitted petitions to colonial

437

legislatures, brilliantly turning

the language of the Declaration of

438

Independence against their masters.

439

A 1777 petition to the Massachusetts

legislature from a great number of

440

blacks detained in a state of slavery,

declared that they quote, have in

441

common with all other men a natural

and unalienable right to that freedom.

442

They pointedly noted that inconsistency

of acting themselves, the part which

443

they condemn and oppose in others, stop

being hypocrites, is what they said.

444

So while the revolution certainly did not

end slavery, it created the ideological

445

crisis that would lead several generations

later to slavery's eventual demise.

446

The glaring contradiction

between the New Nation's ideals.

447

The New Nation's realities

became impossible to ignore.

448

This pressure from both black and white

Americans produced the world's first

449

large scale anti-slavery movement.

450

The first Abolition Society was

451

During the war, Vermont abolished slavery

452

the first Gradual Abolition Act, and

other Northern States would soon follow.

453

I.

454

The Revolution acted

as a powerful catalyst.

455

It provided the moral and philosophical

language that abolitionists would

456

wield for the next 80 years, and

force the new nation to confront

457

the original sin and the lasting

contradiction that lay at its heart.

458

For most Native Americans, however, the

revolution was an unmitigated disaster

459

caught between two imperial powers.

460

Most Native Americans

like the Iwo Confederacy.

461

Ultimately sided with the British whom

they saw as a more distant and less land

462

hungry power than the American colonists.

463

When Britain lost their allies were

abandoned at the peace negotiations

464

and left to face the full.

465

Unrestrained expansion

of the new United States.

466

The Patriot Victory was a

catastrophic one for Native American

467

peoples east of the Mississippi.

468

So what was the American Revolution?

469

As John Adams said, it was a

change in the minds of the people.

470

It was a constitutional crisis

that became a war for independence.

471

It was a civil war that pitted

neighbors against each other.

472

It was a moment of radical

possibility for some, and a moment

473

of profound betrayal for others.

474

In the end, the Patriots won.

475

They had defeated the most powerful

empire on earth, and as the smoke

476

cleared, they faced a new, perhaps

even more daunting challenge.

477

They had thrown off the authority

of a king in parliament.

478

What would they replace it with?

479

They were no longer colonies, but

13 independent states, jealous

480

of their own power in their first

attempt at a national government.

481

The articles of Confederation

would create a government so

482

weak it could barely function.

483

It led to debt rebellion and the

terrifying prospect that their hard one

484

revolution might collapse into chaos.

485

So how did they pull back from the brink?

486

How did they create the framework

for the nation we know today?

487

Well join me next time

on Star Spangled Studies.

488

As we dive into that Turbulence

489

and the dramatic debates that forged

the United States Constitution.

490

I'm Dr.

491

G.

492

I'll see y'all

493

in the past.