History wouldn’t be itself if there were no questions to ask, if every find was conclusive and gave the researchers every answer they needed. There are questions constantly derived from everyday life, now expand that across centuries and take away pieces of them here and there and you have yourself a hotbed for some really great mysteries. This week we are discussing some of the most famous but also hopefully some hidden gems of the mysterious side of history on another Remedial Scholar.

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There's nothing more authentic

to learning about history

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than discovering the mysteries

that lie within it.

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To me, mysteries are the best part.

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What is the fun of knowing everything,

right?

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Today we're going to be going through

some of the most interesting

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and infuriating mysteries that decorate

the ever evolving landscape of history

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at people, events,

circumstances, and buildings that eluded

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a conventional narrative and leaves us

with an ever burning desire to answer

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what happened on another episode

of The Remedial Scholar.

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That's ancient history.

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History.

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I feel I was denied credit.

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Critically critical

need to know information

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belongs to simply

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stop sticking you me medium last class

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welcome one and all

step right up and claim your prize.

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What is it you ask? What is it?

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It is another episode

of the Rachel Scholar.

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I am your host. Levi and I think.

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Thank you for joining me today

for your new.

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Thank you for joining us.

What's your shoe size?

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I'm excited for the episode today.

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I love these list type

episodes that I've been doing.

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You know, the the experiments episodes and

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the hoaxes, you know,

which couple of those dashed in here.

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And a couple people from

those episodes are also sitting here.

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So I'm kind of excited.

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Just these episodes,

these types of episodes are very fun for

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me and I'm not sure why, but maybe it's

because of like a total info dump

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and that really scratches,

you know, my ADHD very nicely

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or we get too far along some business

to attend to.

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Thank you for the continued ratings

and reviews with all the places possible.

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It's an excellent way

to let other people know that

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people listen to the show

and that they enjoy it.

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So if those descriptions fit,

you go to your nearest podcast

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listening method and drop a review

if you are able.

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If not, please just share us on Facebook

or on whatever social media

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you use as to your insta stories,

share some Twitter recs or whatever

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you want to call it.

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Lastly, before the mysteries, we of course

have to mention the merchant stickers.

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Email me at remedial scholar

at gmail, the comp for info and stickers.

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Beyond that, let's get into it.

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History wouldn't be itself

if there were no questions to ask.

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If every fine was conclusive and gave

the researchers every answer they needed.

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There are questions

constantly derived from everyday life now

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expand that across centuries and take away

pieces of them here and there.

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And you have yourself a hotbed

for some really great mysteries.

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Today I'm going to be talking

about a wide range of different mysteries.

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Hopefully some you haven't heard,

but of course there will be quite a few

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you have, I'm assuming.

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I think this is also a good jumping off

point for future episodes

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regarding some of the subject matter here.

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So if you hear a story,

you want to hear more of sound off

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in the Facebook or YouTube comments

of the topics broken up into sections

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biggest mysteries of the last century,

missing people and unsolved crimes,

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historical and ancient places,

and then missing historical graves.

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And then lastly, Angel objects.

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So with that moving into the first group,

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the biggest mysteries

in the last 100 years on a fateful day,

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November 24th, would be anniversaries.

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operating under the alias

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Dan Cooper, later

commonly referred to as D.B.

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Cooper, orchestrated a daring hijack

the Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305.

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This commercial flight,

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a Boeing 727, was in route from Portland

to Seattle when Cooper seized the control.

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The aircraft setting in motion

a sequence of events that would baffle

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investigators and capture the public's

imagination for decades to come.

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In a calm, yet

deliberate manner, Cooper handed a note

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to a flight attendant revealing his claim

to have a bomb on board.

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Funnily enough,

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she was not actually paying attention

to the note

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and being a flight attendant

in the early seventies, She had been given

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plenty of notes by plenty of men in suits,

and he had to reassure her

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that she was going to want to read it.

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So I always found that detail

kind of funny.

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His demands were as calculated

as they were

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unusual $200,000 in cash, cash,

four pair of shoes

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and a sealed truck awaiting the aircraft's

arrival in Seattle.

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The gravity of the situation prompted

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the authorities to comply with Cooper's

demands, leading to the release

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of 36 passengers at the Seattle-Tacoma

International Airport.

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In exchange for the hostages,

Freedom Cooper acquired the ransom

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and the parachutes that would play a

crucial role in his audacious escape plan.

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As the remaining crew members

and the enigmatic hijacker

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sought to disguise, Cooper

directed the plane towards Mexico City.

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Maintaining a low

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altitude was over the rugged expanse

of the southwestern Washington state.

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It is suspected that he executed a daring

maneuver, opening the rear stairway

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and parachuting out into the night

with his ill gotten gains in tow.

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Despite an extensive

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and determined search effort, Cooper's

whereabouts became an enduring enigma.

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The money he spirited away

has never been fully recovered, adding

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another layer of mystique

to the already puzzling case.

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In the wake of Cooper's disappearance,

a myriad of speculation

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and theories emerged, weaving a tapestry

of possibilities around his fate.

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Some speculate that he met his demise

during the perilous parachute jump.

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It was nighttime and stormy out,

so that makes sense.

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While others entertained the notion

that he masterfully eluded capture,

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assuming a new identity and disappearing

into the fabric of society.

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In a region

upstream of the suspected jump point.

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And this money was identified

to the serial numbers of the money

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that was given to him.

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There are many ideas, as I have

said, that he died on impact, was stranded

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in the woods and died there and or escaped

with the help of an unknown assistant.

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The money that was found

also contained an algae on top of it.

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Which one of the people

that did research on it

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essentially said that that money

had been introduced into the water stream

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in springtime instead of,

you know, late fall when he jumped.

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So kind of interesting to note,

but I think that, you know, the potential

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is there that it could have

just like blown into the water eventually.

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So my favorite of the theories,

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possible theories, is that he tricked

the crew during the whole event.

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It was noted exactly when and where

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the pilots felt him

lowered the shaft on the 727.

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And, you know,

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he instructed it instructed them

to keep the staircase down the whole time.

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So when they landed,

they had the stairs down.

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And so they landed in Reno and

they had the stairs down the whole time.

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Well, the pilots also noted

when they felt, you know, he jumped.

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So some speculate that if he was military

trained, as is often assumed about him,

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then he would have been deliberately

making a motion on the stairs

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to make the pilot think that he had jumped

when he could have just

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waited in the back

because there was no way for them to see.

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He made them stay in the cockpit

so he could have

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just been hanging out of the plane.

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And then when they approached Reno,

he would have felt them start to slow

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down.

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And some suspect that he jumped near Reno,

which is kind of a

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which is kind of an interesting theory.

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A stereotypical ransom note was delivered

to the Reno newspaper with clippings

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from another newspaper like,

you know how they do it in the movies

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where it's just like a bunch of clippings

of different things.

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It was delivered to the Reno Gazette

probably.

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I don't know what the name was,

but it says, Attention.

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Thanks for the hospitality.

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I was in a rut. D.B. Cooper.

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The hijacking took place on November 24th,

as I mentioned in the letter

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was delivered on November 29th,

which could corroborate this idea.

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However, you know, eventually

tons of letters would be sent in,

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and a lot of people just kind of like

messing with the authorities at one point.

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But this one is the first one, I believe.

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And in my research that I found

and it's just creepy enough to be real.

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And side note, his handwriting on

the envelope is kind of neat.

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Like he'd go look up pictures.

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It's it's pretty cool looking.

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I'll post pictures on the episode

with this episode to the FBI

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recognizing the magnitude of the mystery

launch an extensive and exhaustive

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investigation, leaving no stone unturned,

apparently no stern leaving

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no stone unturned in their quest

to unveil Cooper's true identity.

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But despite all their efforts, obviously,

since it's on this episode,

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the case remains unsolved.

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And a riddle to most

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standing is one of the most intriguing,

perplexing mysteries in American history.

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So, yeah, the legend of D.B.

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Cooper persists,

captivating the collective imagination,

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inspiring movies and all sorts of things

without a paddle.

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Probably my favorite D.B. Cooper movie,

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but he is also in the show.

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Loki Loki is here.

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Apparently another error related story.

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Of course, we can't

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we can't mention airplane mysteries

without that of Amelia Earhart.

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Amelia Earhart was a pioneering

American aviator and one of the most

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celebrated America icons, most celebrated

and iconic figures in aviation history.

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and Atchison, Kansas, Earhart displayed

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an early interest in aviation

which eventually led to her to become

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the first female aviator to fly

solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

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Amelia's life is marked

by a series of remarkable achievements

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an enduring and enduring mystery

that has captivated the world.

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Melinda Hart's aviation odyssey

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an airshow in Toronto, and this kind of

ignited a deep seated passion for flying

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and prompting her

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And then just two years later,

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she had her own pilot's license,

which is pretty impressive.

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And she was the 16th woman in history

to achieve this milestone.

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stardom took a significant turn

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when she was invited to join pilot

Wilmer Stoltz, copilot slash mechanic

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Louis Gordon on a transatlantic flight,

although she didn't,

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you know, fly the plane,

she was part of the part of the crew.

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And that made her first woman

to traverse the Atlantic Ocean

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by air, even if it wasn't

as the capacity of a passenger.

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Still pretty cool.

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And that experience kind of

just kept pushing her into the spotlight.

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she etched her name in history

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by becoming the first woman to achieve

a solo nonstop transatlantic flight.

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Pretty impressive.

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Piloting her Lockheed Vega,

she covered the Challenger out

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from Newfoundland

to Ireland in just over 15 hours.

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She not only solidified her place

in aviation history,

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but also earned her international acclaim

and admiration.

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Throughout her illustrious career, Earhart

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continued to shatter records

and push the boundaries of aviation.

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1935, she achieved another milestone

by becoming the first woman to fly solo

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across the Pacific Ocean.

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Navigating from Honolulu

to Oakland, her tenacity and skills

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in the cockpit made her a trailblazer,

inspiring countless individuals.

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But of course, all of this

tragically overshadowed

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by her attempt to circumnavigate

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and her navigator, Fred Noonan.

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Everybody always forgets about Fred.

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They embarked on an ambitious journey

which,

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you know, circumnavigation of the globe,

no easy feat.

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I mean, I did it, but

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as stated, I'm no ordinary man.

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Anyway, their Lockheed Electra aircraft

was scheduled to fly from New Guinea

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to Howland Island in the Central Pacific

Ocean as they approached the final stretch

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of their journey,

attempting to locate the tiny, uninhabited

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Howland Island communication

between Amelia's plane and the U.S.

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Coast Guard

began to get get a little spotty.

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Despite numerous radio transmissions

and attempts to establish visual contact,

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Earhart and Noonan were unable

to pinpoint their location

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last confirmed message from Eckhardt

came at 8:43 a.m., stating

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they were running low on fuel and unable

to find Howland Island, despite exhaustive

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search efforts initiated immediately

after the disappearance.

00;11;27;19 - 00;11;31;21

No trace of Earhart,

Noonan or the Lockheed Electra was found.

00;11;31;26 - 00;11;34;29

The vastness of the Pacific Ocean

and the limitations of the technology

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at the time

made the search incredibly challenging.

00;11;37;20 - 00;11;39;02

Theories and speculation

00;11;39;02 - 00;11;41;21

regarding the fate of Amelia Earhart

and Fred Noonan abound.

00;11;41;21 - 00;11;44;17

Some propose

that they ran out of fuel ditched at sea.

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While this suggests

they landed on a remote island in Paris,

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another theory posits that they were

captured by the Japanese and taken

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prisoner.

00;11;51;14 - 00;11;55;05

Despite numerous expeditions,

discoveries of artifacts, analysis

00;11;55;05 - 00;11;59;05

of radio signals and conclusive evidence

has remained elusive.

00;11;59;05 - 00;11;59;27

The vessels.

00;11;59;27 - 00;12;02;29

The official search was called off

on July 19th,

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1937, and Amelia Earhart was declared

lost at sea.

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The International Group

of Historic Aircraft Recovery

00;12;10;05 - 00;12;12;09

and other organizations

have continued efforts

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to solve the mystery,

conducting expeditions

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and research in attempt

to uncover the fate of aircraft.

00;12;17;14 - 00;12;21;14

And Noonan disappearance of Amelia Earhart

remains an unsolved puzzle,

00;12;21;16 - 00;12;25;20

contributing to her enduring legacy

as both a pioneering aviator,

00;12;25;20 - 00;12;29;17

an enigmatic figure in history,

and her record breaking flights,

00;12;29;17 - 00;12;34;01

Amelia Earhart's legacy extends

to her advocacy for women in aviation.

00;12;34;03 - 00;12;37;15

A vocal proponent of gender equality

in a male dominated field,

00;12;37;18 - 00;12;41;04

she became an enduring symbol

of courage and determination, and her

00;12;41;04 - 00;12;45;00

legacy continues to inspire generations

of aviation, aviators

00;12;45;00 - 00;12;48;23

and women striving to break barriers

and pursue their passion.

00;12;48;25 - 00;12;52;02

Now, there are plenty of mysterious deaths

in history, and I think most of them

00;12;52;02 - 00;12;57;09

are filed under the why or who or where,

I guess in Eckhart's case

00;12;57;12 - 00;13;01;23

rather than the how, unless you're JFK,

then then every bit of it's

00;13;01;23 - 00;13;05;18

kind of a mystery except for the where we

we know where that happened.

00;13;05;20 - 00;13;08;15

Beyond JFK though one

00;13;08;15 - 00;13;11;25

there is a definite definite

like how did that happen?

00;13;11;25 - 00;13;16;23

Is the incident at Dyatlov Pass

00;13;16;26 - 00;13;20;09

a group of nine experienced hikers

led by Igor Dyatlov,

00;13;20;09 - 00;13;23;28

embarked on a challenging trek

through the northern Ural Mountains.

00;13;24;00 - 00;13;28;04

The journey was meant to be a ski

hiking expedition, like a like a vacation.

00;13;28;04 - 00;13;31;00

Essentially, none of the members

were experienced, well-prepared.

00;13;31;00 - 00;13;34;04

Everything seemed normal until the group

deviated from their planned route.

00;13;34;04 - 00;13;38;11

Set up a camp near the eastern slope

of the Colette Sirocco,

00;13;38;14 - 00;13;44;02

a mountain translated as Dead Mountain,

and the local man, Mansi language.

00;13;44;02 - 00;13;45;21

This deviation is already

00;13;45;21 - 00;13;48;28

a bit mysterious, as it's unclear

why they chose to change their route.

00;13;49;00 - 00;13;51;15

The eerie events unfolded

during the night.

00;13;51;15 - 00;13;53;21

The hikers apparently

cut their way out of a tent

00;13;53;21 - 00;13;56;21

from the inside,

leaving all their belongings behind.

00;13;56;21 - 00;14;00;10

The suggests a hasty and panicked escape,

especially given the harsh

00;14;00;10 - 00;14;01;08

winter conditions.

00;14;01;08 - 00;14;04;07

Temperatures

around the 30 degrees Celsius.

00;14;04;07 - 00;14;08;09

Some of the hikers were found barefoot

or in socks, only raising questions

00;14;08;09 - 00;14;09;18

about what could have compelled them

00;14;09;18 - 00;14;14;13

to abandon the safety of the tent

without proper clothing research.

00;14;14;16 - 00;14;17;09

The search and rescue team,

including fellow hikers.

00;14;17;09 - 00;14;19;26

And later, the Soviet military discovered

00;14;19;26 - 00;14;23;03

the first bodies a mile away

from the campsite near a cedar tree.

00;14;23;04 - 00;14;25;03

Two of the hikers dubbed Nina

00;14;25;03 - 00;14;29;04

and the little hairy of these Russian

names are crazy.

00;14;29;06 - 00;14;32;08

We're found with severe chest fractures

and internal injuries

00;14;32;08 - 00;14;33;28

compared to a high speed car crash.

00;14;33;28 - 00;14;36;14

Strangely,

there were no external signs of trauma,

00;14;36;14 - 00;14;39;24

as if they had been subject

to intense crushing force.

00;14;39;24 - 00;14;41;26

As the search continued,

more bodies were found at

00;14;41;26 - 00;14;45;21

varying distances from the campsite,

leading to a perplexing scene.

00;14;45;23 - 00;14;48;06

Some were found near

the remains of a makeshift fire,

00;14;48;06 - 00;14;50;06

suggesting that they had tried

to keep warm.

00;14;50;06 - 00;14;53;01

The investigation

also revealed traces of radiation

00;14;53;01 - 00;14;55;21

on some of the clothing,

adding to an extra layer.

00;14;55;21 - 00;15;00;11

The mystery theories abound regardless

regarding what caused the hikers.

00;15;00;11 - 00;15;03;14

There are tons of theories

regarding what caused the hikers death.

00;15;03;14 - 00;15;07;05

Some speculate natural phenomenon,

such as avalanches, while others

00;15;07;08 - 00;15;11;07

entertain the ideas of, you know,

super normal stuff like a yeti attack.

00;15;11;10 - 00;15;11;28

The paranormal

00;15;11;28 - 00;15;15;26

theories range from UFO encounters

to secret military experiments gone wrong.

00;15;15;27 - 00;15;19;11

Despite extensive investigations, Dyatlov

Pass incident remains

00;15;19;11 - 00;15;24;02

one of the most enduring,

enigmatic mysteries of the 20th century.

00;15;24;04 - 00;15;25;07

My personal opinion.

00;15;25;07 - 00;15;29;23

I believe in the avalanche theory,

and one of the guys was found.

00;15;29;25 - 00;15;34;07

I think his head was like smashed

and I remember listening to a podcast.

00;15;34;07 - 00;15;38;19

I'm pretty sure it was time suck

where they were talking about like, why?

00;15;38;21 - 00;15;40;29

Why would that have have happened?

00;15;40;29 - 00;15;44;25

And I was thinking

that the guy was so cold

00;15;44;25 - 00;15;49;15

and like so freaked out that he was just

trying to take himself out

00;15;49;15 - 00;15;50;22

and had no other way to do it

00;15;50;22 - 00;15;54;19

other than try to knock himself out

so he could like, die in his sleep,

00;15;54;19 - 00;15;56;16

essentially, cause

he knew he was going to die.

00;15;56;16 - 00;15;58;24

That that was my that was my idea.

00;15;58;24 - 00;16;01;23

But not all mysteries

involve death or airplanes.

00;16;01;23 - 00;16;05;01

So we have some heists,

so that's pretty cool.

00;16;05;05 - 00;16;08;14

Well, there's a couple of heist

related ones in the last century,

00;16;08;14 - 00;16;11;00

but one is substantially older

than the last one.

00;16;11;00 - 00;16;13;01

So we're going to start

with the older one,

00;16;13;01 - 00;16;16;17

the Nazi art heist during World War Two,

or a dark chapter in the history

00;16;16;17 - 00;16;20;19

of cultural heritage,

not just because the Nazis are just awful,

00;16;20;19 - 00;16;24;08

but they just really want that extra mile

to be the worst of the worst.

00;16;24;10 - 00;16;27;25

As the Nazis expanded their control

across Europe, they systematically

00;16;27;25 - 00;16;31;15

plundered art collections in the places

they put their control into,

00;16;31;16 - 00;16;35;13

confiscating thousands of valuable

art works from museums, galleries

00;16;35;13 - 00;16;36;15

and private collections.

00;16;36;15 - 00;16;39;15

This was part of Adolf Hitler's

plan to amass a grand

00;16;39;18 - 00;16;42;22

art museum in Linz, Austria,

which is his hometown,

00;16;42;25 - 00;16;46;18

showcasing what he considered

to be the finest cultural achievements

00;16;46;21 - 00;16;52;05

the infamous RR,

which is I'm not going to pronounce that

00;16;52;07 - 00;16;54;02

and stub Reich's letter.

00;16;54;02 - 00;16;57;29

Rosenberg was a Nazi

organization tasked with looting

00;16;57;29 - 00;17;02;08

cultural treasures, including painting,

sculpture and other art artworks.

00;17;02;08 - 00;17;04;02

The looted art was often taken from Jewish

00;17;04;02 - 00;17;08;04

families, intellectuals

and institutions targeted by the Nazis.

00;17;08;04 - 00;17;11;15

This campaign of confiscated art

was not only a means

00;17;11;15 - 00;17;15;10

of cultural domination, but a way to erase

cultural identity of those

00;17;15;12 - 00;17;19;17

the Nazis sought to oppress the Monuments

Men, a group of allied soldiers

00;17;19;17 - 00;17;23;09

with expertise in art and cultural

preservation played a crucial role

00;17;23;09 - 00;17;26;18

in attempting to recover and return

stolen artworks after the war.

00;17;26;19 - 00;17;30;08

The Monuments Men to recover

and return stolen artworks after the war,

00;17;30;11 - 00;17;34;14

the Monuments Men worked tirelessly

to locate hidden caches of stolen

00;17;34;14 - 00;17;37;21

art in various locations,

including mines and castles.

00;17;37;21 - 00;17;41;28

One of the most famous incidents

revolved involved the recovery of artworks

00;17;41;28 - 00;17;45;01

stolen from the Althouse

Salt Mine in Austria,

00;17;45;01 - 00;17;48;07

where the Nazis had hidden numerous stolen

masterpieces.

00;17;48;09 - 00;17;51;06

The Monuments Men,

with the help of local miners, discovered

00;17;51;06 - 00;17;53;27

thousands of paintings, sculptures

and other cultural artifacts

00;17;53;27 - 00;17;57;07

preventing their destruction

and aiding in their eventual restitution.

00;17;57;07 - 00;18;00;08

Despite the efforts to recover stolen art,

many,

00;18;00;09 - 00;18;03;13

many works remain missing

or have yet to be identified.

00;18;03;16 - 00;18;07;21

The issue of restitution

and the return of looted artwork continues

00;18;07;21 - 00;18;11;27

to be a complex and sensitive matter,

with ongoing efforts to trace

00;18;11;29 - 00;18;15;13

and return artworks

to their rightful owners or their heirs.

00;18;15;13 - 00;18;19;10

The legacy of the Nazi art heist serves

as a stark reminder of the impact of war

00;18;19;10 - 00;18;20;29

on cultural heritage,

00;18;20;29 - 00;18;25;12

not just the actual war's impact

on the people and the ongoing importance

00;18;25;12 - 00;18;28;23

of preserving and protecting the world's

artistic treasures.

00;18;28;23 - 00;18;30;04

Next one.

00;18;30;04 - 00;18;33;04

More recent Isabella Stewart Gardner

00;18;33;04 - 00;18;36;09

Museum Heist is one of the most notorious

art deaths in history.

00;18;36;13 - 00;18;41;13

disguised as police officers

00;18;41;13 - 00;18;43;19

entered the museum in Boston and stole 13

00;18;43;19 - 00;18;47;20

pieces of art that were valued at over

$500 million.

00;18;47;20 - 00;18;49;17

The stolen artworks included masterpieces

00;18;49;17 - 00;18;53;27

by renowned artists such as Vermeer,

Rembrandt, Manet and Dega.

00;18;53;29 - 00;18;56;29

The thief spent approximately

81 minutes inside the museum,

00;18;56;29 - 00;18;59;11

which they tied up the museum's

two security guards

00;18;59;11 - 00;19;01;19

and proceeded to remove artwork

from the walls.

00;19;01;19 - 00;19;05;10

Stolen pieces include Vermeer's

The Concert, Rembrandt's The Storm

00;19;05;17 - 00;19;09;01

on the Sea of Galilee,

Manet's Shade toward Tony.

00;19;09;07 - 00;19;13;00

Despite extensive investigation

by the FBI and other law

00;19;13;00 - 00;19;16;09

enforcement agencies, the stolen artworks

have never been recovered.

00;19;16;11 - 00;19;17;21

The identities of the thieves

00;19;17;21 - 00;19;21;15

remain unknown, and the case is shrouded

in mystery and intrigue,

00;19;21;20 - 00;19;25;17

with numerous theories and speculations

about the whereabouts of the stolen art.

00;19;25;17 - 00;19;28;18

The Isabella Stewart

Gardner Museum continues to display empty

00;19;28;18 - 00;19;31;26

frames in the spots where the artwork

that was stolen once hung,

00;19;32;00 - 00;19;34;26

serving as a poignant reminder

of the unsolved crime.

00;19;34;26 - 00;19;35;29

The museum has offered

00;19;35;29 - 00;19;39;19

substantial reward on information

leading to the recovery of stolen pieces.

00;19;39;22 - 00;19;44;02

I believe it's around $10 million, but,

you know, the art has not been returned.

00;19;44;03 - 00;19;46;28

If you know anything,

go ahead and tell them and

00;19;46;28 - 00;19;48;20

and just share the reward with us.

00;19;48;20 - 00;19;50;06

Nothing, nothing too crazy.

00;19;50;06 - 00;19;53;06

Solid mill,

I think would help the show immensely.

00;19;53;06 - 00;19;56;05

With that, we draw from missing

art to missing people.

00;19;56;06 - 00;20;00;12

The next section brings the most famous

missing people and unsolved crimes,

00;20;00;12 - 00;20;02;27

which I realize that the Isabella Stewart

00;20;02;27 - 00;20;04;27

Gardner

heist is considered an unsolved crime.

00;20;04;27 - 00;20;07;19

But I guess most of the ones before,

00;20;07;19 - 00;20;10;02

but not all of

these are within the last century.

00;20;10;02 - 00;20;11;28

So I had to break it up

in a different way.

00;20;11;28 - 00;20;16;10

Obviously, a lot of the crime

in the history of ever goes unsolved.

00;20;16;11 - 00;20;17;26

That's not lost on me.

00;20;17;26 - 00;20;21;11

But all of them captivated people's

attention in the same way as these ones.

00;20;21;11 - 00;20;25;10

In my opinion, the expanse of New Orleans

is first up refers

00;20;25;10 - 00;20;27;22

to a mysterious

and unidentified serial killer

00;20;27;22 - 00;20;30;22

who terrorized the city

of New Orleans, Louisiana.

00;20;30;26 - 00;20;33;02

Now islands

00;20;33;04 - 00;20;33;11

in the

00;20;33;11 - 00;20;37;07

early 20th century,

The X-Men's reign of terror is generally

00;20;37;07 - 00;20;41;08

or 1918 or 1919.

00;20;41;11 - 00;20;43;02

X-Men was known for breaking into homes.

00;20;43;02 - 00;20;45;15

An attack is attacking his victims.

00;20;45;15 - 00;20;47;05

What you're going to be surprised by this?

00;20;47;05 - 00;20;48;29

An X.

00;20;48;29 - 00;20;52;01

The attacks were brutal

and the killer often used an ax

00;20;52;01 - 00;20;53;08

that belonged to the victims

00;20;53;08 - 00;20;56;14

or was found at the crime scene,

which is kind of interesting.

00;20;56;19 - 00;20;58;04

Like he didn't bring his own.

00;20;58;04 - 00;21;00;19

And why did everybody have

so many axes back then?

00;21;00;19 - 00;21;01;18

I don't know.

00;21;01;18 - 00;21;03;15

I don't have one ax in my house.

00;21;03;15 - 00;21;04;08

I guess I'm safe.

00;21;04;08 - 00;21;07;14

The ax bands victims

were typically Italian, American and

00;21;07;15 - 00;21;10;27

maybe that's

why do Italian Americans all have axes?

00;21;10;27 - 00;21;15;05

Anyway, the attack seemed to focus on

the city's Italian immigrant population.

00;21;15;05 - 00;21;18;15

One peculiar aspect of the ax man's crimes

was the bizarre letter

00;21;18;15 - 00;21;22;20

that he supposedly wrote to the local

newspaper or letters in one letter

00;21;22;21 - 00;21;25;28

that's been claimed to be a supernatural

being who would spare anyone

00;21;25;28 - 00;21;29;10

playing jazz music

in their homes on a particular night.

00;21;29;10 - 00;21;34;00

This led to a night known as the AX Man's

Jazz, where the city's residents played

00;21;34;00 - 00;21;36;29

jazz music in their homes

to protect themselves from the killer.

00;21;36;29 - 00;21;39;11

True identity of the AX Man

was never discovered,

00;21;39;11 - 00;21;41;05

and the murders abruptly stopped.

00;21;41;05 - 00;21;45;12

As mysterious as they began, case

remains unsolved, and the man's identity

00;21;45;12 - 00;21;49;26

and motives have became a subject

of much speculation and folklore.

00;21;50;02 - 00;21;51;23

So is it supernatural?

00;21;51;23 - 00;21;54;19

Was it just for the plot

of American Horror Story?

00;21;54;19 - 00;21;55;08

Who knows?

00;21;55;08 - 00;21;58;11

Legend of the AX Man of New Orleans

has endured, leaving

00;21;58;11 - 00;22;01;22

in an indelible mark on the city's history

00;22;01;22 - 00;22;06;00

and adding an element of chilling mystery

to the unsolved crimes.

00;22;06;03 - 00;22;08;18

From the dark streets

of New Orleans to London.

00;22;08;18 - 00;22;10;16

We go. We jump back a few decades.

00;22;10;16 - 00;22;13;29

And of course, we were traveling

to the Whitechapel district.

00;22;14;02 - 00;22;15;00

Of course we have to.

00;22;15;00 - 00;22;15;28

Jack the Ripper is

00;22;15;28 - 00;22;20;16

one of the most infamous and unidentified

serial killers in history responsible

00;22;20;16 - 00;22;24;14

for a series of gruesome murders in the in

and around the Whitechapel

00;22;24;14 - 00;22;28;29

of Jack the Ripper remains unknown,

00;22;28;29 - 00;22;33;01

and the case has been become a legend

and unsolved mystery.

00;22;33;02 - 00;22;37;18

The killer is believed to have targeted

female prostitutes, and the five canonical

00;22;37;22 - 00;22;41;16

victims of Jack

the Ripper are Marianne Nichols, Annie

00;22;41;16 - 00;22;46;03

Chapman, Elizabeth Stride,

Catherine Rose and Mary Jane Kelly.

00;22;46;03 - 00;22;49;20

The murders were characterized by a brutal

and mutilating nature of the attacks,

00;22;49;20 - 00;22;53;09

leading to widespread fear and panic

in the white, drab white chapel community.

00;22;53;09 - 00;22;56;15

The name Jack the Ripper originated

from a series of letters and postcards

00;22;56;15 - 00;22;59;08

sent to the police and newspapers

during the time of the murders.

00;22;59;08 - 00;23;02;09

The authenticity of these letters

is subject to debate

00;23;02;09 - 00;23;06;02

among historians, but they contributed

to the notoriety of the case.

00;23;06;02 - 00;23;09;20

The investigation into Jack

the Ripper murders was marred

00;23;09;20 - 00;23;12;28

by limitations of the forensic sciences

at the time,

00;23;13;00 - 00;23;16;07

the 19th century,

and the lack of reliable eyewitnesses.

00;23;16;07 - 00;23;18;01

A lot of them happened at night.

00;23;18;01 - 00;23;18;28

It's kind of hard to see,

00;23;18;28 - 00;23;22;05

especially back then,

not a whole lot of lights in that area

00;23;22;07 - 00;23;25;00

and the challenges

of conducting a thorough investigation

00;23;25;00 - 00;23;29;08

in the impoverished and overcrowded

East London, east end of London.

00;23;29;08 - 00;23;32;09

Despite numerous suspects

and theories over the years, the true

00;23;32;09 - 00;23;35;20

identity of Jack the Ripper obviously

has never been determined.

00;23;35;21 - 00;23;38;26

Case continues

to captivate the public's imagination.

00;23;38;26 - 00;23;42;03

There's countless theories, books,

documentaries, even fictional works

00;23;42;03 - 00;23;44;04

that explore the identity of Jack

the Ripper.

00;23;44;04 - 00;23;46;09

Mysterious or the mystery surrounding

00;23;46;09 - 00;23;50;02

these unsolved murders

has become an enduring part of true crime.

00;23;50;06 - 00;23;54;02

True crime lore in the name of Jack

the Ripper remains synonymous

00;23;54;02 - 00;23;58;08

with the archetype of an unidentified

and elusive serial killer,

00;23;58;10 - 00;24;01;08

Another name synonymous with the archetype

00;24;01;08 - 00;24;05;05

of an unidentified and elusive

serial killer is the Zodiac.

00;24;05;08 - 00;24;09;07

The Zodiac killer is also,

you know, unidentified person

00;24;09;07 - 00;24;13;15

who operated in the Northern California

order in Northern California,

00;24;13;16 - 00;24;17;29

not the Northern California

00;24;17;29 - 00;24;21;06

and is linked to several murders

and claims

00;24;21;06 - 00;24;24;11

responsibility

for quite a few more than police think.

00;24;24;11 - 00;24;28;05

He actually did confirm Murders

attributed to Zodiac Killer included

00;24;28;06 - 00;24;31;29

those of David Faraday,

Betty Lou Jensen in December

00;24;31;29 - 00;24;36;23

1968, Darlene Faron and Mike Maggio

00;24;36;23 - 00;24;41;21

Cecilia Shepherd and Brian Hartnell

00;24;41;24 - 00;24;44;24

00;24;44;29 - 00;24;48;16

Killer targeted young couples

in isolated areas, for the most part,

00;24;48;19 - 00;24;49;14

and the crimes

00;24;49;14 - 00;24;53;14

were characterized by a level of brutality

and chilling lack of motive.

00;24;53;20 - 00;24;56;15

Zodiac Killer gained notoriety

for sending taunting letters

00;24;56;15 - 00;24;58;19

and cryptograms

to the media and law enforcement

00;24;58;19 - 00;25;02;14

killer claimed to enjoy killing people

and threatened to continue the spree

00;25;02;14 - 00;25;04;15

unless his letters were published

in the papers.

00;25;04;15 - 00;25;05;22

Letters can put

00;25;05;22 - 00;25;09;09

the letters contained complex ciphers,

some of which were eventually decoded.

00;25;09;09 - 00;25;13;09

But the killer's identity and identity

remained elusive, almost infamous

00;25;13;09 - 00;25;17;12

aspects of the case is the Zodiac symbol

crossed circle with a line

00;25;17;12 - 00;25;21;14

through it resembling a gun site,

which became his signature of sorts.

00;25;21;14 - 00;25;24;15

Letters often

included a references to the Zodiac,

00;25;24;15 - 00;25;28;17

as you know, collecting slaves

who would be rewarded in the afterlife.

00;25;28;17 - 00;25;31;18

Despite an extensive investigation

by law enforcement, amateur

00;25;31;18 - 00;25;35;25

sleuth Zodiac was never apprehended,

and the case has spawned numerous theories

00;25;35;25 - 00;25;40;12

about the suspects,

but obviously remains an unnamed.

00;25;40;12 - 00;25;44;14

And there's many theories about

if he was even real at all.

00;25;44;14 - 00;25;49;01

Like if some guy was just like,

I'm going to pretend I did all of these

00;25;49;01 - 00;25;51;24

since nobody knows.

So that's an interesting theory.

00;25;51;24 - 00;25;54;24

The movie The Zodiac with Jake Gyllenhaal

and Robert Downey Jr.

00;25;54;24 - 00;25;57;05

That's a great movie. David Fincher movie.

00;25;57;05 - 00;25;59;18

A guy knows true crime,

let me tell you. All right.

00;25;59;18 - 00;26;04;07

Shifting focus from the killer

to the family of a victim.

00;26;04;07 - 00;26;07;21

One of the most infamous cases is infamous

or just famous.

00;26;07;21 - 00;26;08;09

I don't know,

00;26;08;09 - 00;26;10;11

especially in the last few decades

in the United States,

00;26;10;11 - 00;26;13;23

one that brings so much

confusion and mystery and just heartbreak

00;26;13;24 - 00;26;16;25

case of JonBenet Ramsey,

the tragic, high profile

00;26;16;25 - 00;26;20;12

unsolved murder that occurred in Boulder,

00;26;20;12 - 00;26;24;06

JonBenet Ramsey was a six year

old beauty queen who was found

00;26;24;06 - 00;26;27;24

murdered in her family's home on December

00;26;27;24 - 00;26;30;16

Circumstances surrounding JonBenet's

death are mysterious

00;26;30;16 - 00;26;33;09

and have led to numerous theories

and speculation.

00;26;33;09 - 00;26;37;17

JonBenet's mother, Patsy, reported

00;26;37;17 - 00;26;41;19

finding a ransom note, demanding $118,000

for her daughter's safe return.

00;26;41;20 - 00;26;44;21

However, later that day, JonBenet,

whose body was discovered

00;26;44;21 - 00;26;48;09

in the basement of family home,

she had been strangled and had a stroke

00;26;48;09 - 00;26;52;24

and had a skull fracture

case, received extensive media coverage.

00;26;52;26 - 00;26;56;13

Still kind of does,

like in the investigation,

00;26;56;14 - 00;26;59;25

faced criticism

for potentially mishandling of evidence.

00;26;59;28 - 00;27;02;27

Yes, I would like to speak on this

for a moment.

00;27;02;27 - 00;27;06;14

Mishandling of evidence

and just the whole house,

00;27;06;14 - 00;27;10;11

like the crime scene,

not securing a crime scene.

00;27;10;13 - 00;27;13;21

What did we learn last week

with the hinder effect murders?

00;27;13;27 - 00;27;16;23

You got to

you got to secure the crime scene.

00;27;16;23 - 00;27;22;05

We have John Ramsey, her father,

finding the body in the basement

00;27;22;07 - 00;27;25;16

and immediately, like holding on to it.

00;27;25;16 - 00;27;27;24

And like

cops are in the building at this point

00;27;27;24 - 00;27;29;25

because they were like,

okay, well, hang out at the house

00;27;29;25 - 00;27;31;26

and try and figure some stuff out.

00;27;31;26 - 00;27;33;22

Apparently, nobody searched the basement.

00;27;33;22 - 00;27;38;18

So now you have the dad in the basement

and now all of his evidence

00;27;38;18 - 00;27;43;07

is now introduced because he's there

and it's it's just crazy.

00;27;43;11 - 00;27;47;09

The ransom note in particular raised

suspicion due to its unusual length.

00;27;47;09 - 00;27;51;08

And the fact that, you know,

the amount demanded was almost identical

00;27;51;08 - 00;27;52;01

to the bonus.

00;27;52;01 - 00;27;54;25

John Ramsey,

JonBenet's father, had received.

00;27;54;25 - 00;27;58;11

Other parts of the note that confuse me

are the fact that it was written

00;27;58;11 - 00;28;02;29

with paper found inside the home

and the fact that they, you know,

00;28;03;01 - 00;28;05;10

wrote one

at all because the kid was already dead.

00;28;05;10 - 00;28;09;12

Obviously, the Ramsey family became

a focus of public scrutiny with suspicion,

00;28;09;12 - 00;28;10;27

cast of various members of the family,

00;28;10;27 - 00;28;13;19

including her parents

and her older brother, Burke.

00;28;13;19 - 00;28;14;22

However, the family

00;28;14;22 - 00;28;19;05

consistently maintained their innocence

and criticized the police investigation.

00;28;19;06 - 00;28;22;24

We should criticize you

because you guys also mess this up.

00;28;22;24 - 00;28;26;02

Despite the widespread attention

and various theories surrounding the case,

00;28;26;02 - 00;28;28;27

no one has been charged

or convicted in connection.

00;28;28;27 - 00;28;33;00

Case remains open and the mystery of

who killed her continues to captivate

00;28;33;00 - 00;28;37;07

the public, fueled speculation

00;28;37;08 - 00;28;41;07

In my personal opinion,

I think the family was involved, you know,

00;28;41;08 - 00;28;46;18

by pointing out the parts of the ransom

note is pretty much

00;28;46;18 - 00;28;50;13

why I why I think this, you know,

why write a note?

00;28;50;13 - 00;28;53;14

If the child was already dead,

why demand the amount of which, you know,

00;28;53;14 - 00;28;58;00

the coincidentally is

the exact same amount as the dad's bonus.

00;28;58;00 - 00;29;00;16

And the paper used came

from inside the home.

00;29;00;16 - 00;29;03;02

The answers to these questions

we may never have.

00;29;03;02 - 00;29;04;22

You know, Patsy has since passed.

00;29;04;22 - 00;29;07;29

She actually died a decade after,

and John remains hopeful

00;29;07;29 - 00;29;09;09

they will find someone eventually.

00;29;09;09 - 00;29;11;10

I know that there was recently a company

00;29;11;10 - 00;29;15;13

that offered to do some specific

DNA testing and that is newer.

00;29;15;13 - 00;29;17;16

But then what they had back then.

00;29;17;16 - 00;29;19;05

But nothing has come of that yet.

00;29;19;05 - 00;29;22;01

So obviously remains unsolved.

00;29;22;01 - 00;29;22;13

All right.

00;29;22;13 - 00;29;27;19

So from when in the last few decades

to one almost 100 years ago,

00;29;27;21 - 00;29;31;18

one of the most notorious and mysterious

murders of the United States

00;29;31;18 - 00;29;33;09

is that of Elizabeth Short.

00;29;33;09 - 00;29;37;13

Elizabeth Shaw, often referred to

as the Black Dahlia, was a young woman

00;29;37;13 - 00;29;38;29

00;29;38;29 - 00;29;42;25

remains one of the most infamous

unsolved cases in American history.

00;29;42;26 - 00;29;47;26

Elizabeth Short was born on

00;29;47;26 - 00;29;50;06

She, a young woman

trying to become an actress.

00;29;50;06 - 00;29;53;02

She moved to L.A.,

you know, trying to trying to make it.

00;29;53;02 - 00;29;54;15

Trying to live that dream.

00;29;54;15 - 00;29;57;23

And her life was tragically cut short

and her murder became

00;29;57;23 - 00;30;01;17

the subject of an insane amount

of speculation in media coverage.

00;30;01;23 - 00;30;06;08

Elizabeth's mutilated body

00;30;06;08 - 00;30;11;13

was found in a vacant lot in Leimert Park

neighborhood of Los Angeles.

00;30;11;14 - 00;30;13;16

The brutality of the murder shocked

the public.

00;30;13;16 - 00;30;17;07

Short had been severely mutilated,

with her body cut in half at the waist

00;30;17;09 - 00;30;18;25

and her face slashed in the corners

00;30;18;25 - 00;30;22;12

of her mouth towards her ears,

creating a gruesome smile like effect.

00;30;22;18 - 00;30;26;28

The person who found her body

thought it was a mannequin at first,

00;30;26;28 - 00;30;29;01

you know, because she's missing

half of her body.

00;30;29;01 - 00;30;33;06

Case received significant attention

from the media, and Elizabeth was dubbed

00;30;33;06 - 00;30;35;15

the Black Dahlia by the press or June.

00;30;35;15 - 00;30;39;03

And the nickname is due to the black

clothing that they found

00;30;39;03 - 00;30;43;22

at her places of residence

and also a movie called The Blue Dahlia

00;30;43;22 - 00;30;46;29

that had came out around that time,

which is that kind of helped

00;30;46;29 - 00;30;50;22

add to the speculation,

the sensationalism of this event.

00;30;50;24 - 00;30;55;20

And despite all of the attention

going on and extensive investigation

00;30;55;20 - 00;30;59;15

and all these suspects

and even people who had confessed

00;30;59;17 - 00;31;01;11

there, the killer was never identified,

00;31;01;11 - 00;31;04;10

although there are a lot of

the confessions were deemed unreliable.

00;31;04;10 - 00;31;09;16

A lot of people just claiming which that

happens in pretty much every every case.

00;31;09;17 - 00;31;11;10

I feel like that's on this list,

00;31;11;10 - 00;31;15;01

Like there were people who confessed

to JonBenet Ramsey's murder.

00;31;15;03 - 00;31;17;18

And there's, you know, a bunch of people

who confessed to the Black

00;31;17;18 - 00;31;20;06

Dahlia

that were not even remotely involved.

00;31;20;06 - 00;31;21;09

So that's I don't know.

00;31;21;09 - 00;31;22;08

That's kind of a weird thing.

00;31;22;08 - 00;31;27;04

But Black Dahlia has the case has inspired

numerous books, movies, documentaries,

00;31;27;04 - 00;31;31;00

further cementing Elizabeth Short's

tragic story in popular culture, forever

00;31;31;00 - 00;31;32;12

played the game. L.A. Noir.

00;31;32;12 - 00;31;35;13

That game has you Trail of Murderer,

who is very closely inspired

00;31;35;13 - 00;31;39;14

by some of the most famous murders

in early U.S.

00;31;39;14 - 00;31;41;20

history. And Black Dahlia is one of them.

00;31;41;20 - 00;31;44;20

Moving

from confirmed to murder straight up.

00;31;44;25 - 00;31;48;21

Well, we lost him as a man synonymous

with disappearing and a running joke

00;31;48;25 - 00;31;50;18

whenever anyone digs a hole, pretty much.

00;31;50;18 - 00;31;53;17

James Riddle Hoffa,

what a perfect middle name

00;31;53;23 - 00;31;58;11

known as Jimmy Hoffa, was an influential

American labor union leader and president

00;31;58;11 - 00;32;01;23

of the International Brotherhood

of Teamsters, one of the largest

00;32;01;23 - 00;32;06;07

and most powerful, powerful labor

organizations in the United States.

00;32;06;07 - 00;32;09;14

Hoffa rose to prominence as a charismatic

00;32;09;14 - 00;32;12;22

and sometimes controversial figure

in the labor movement,

00;32;12;25 - 00;32;17;03

became involved in labor

00;32;17;03 - 00;32;20;22

climbed the rank of the Teamsters

and became the vice president

00;32;20;29 - 00;32;26;24

then president from 1957 to 1971.

00;32;26;25 - 00;32;30;23

Under his leadership, the union grew

significantly in size and power,

00;32;30;23 - 00;32;34;15

representing a device range of workers,

including truck drivers

00;32;34;15 - 00;32;35;16

and warehouse workers.

00;32;35;16 - 00;32;38;25

Carvers, involvement in organized crime

and its aggressive tactics

00;32;38;25 - 00;32;42;05

and labor disputes that drew

the attention of law enforcement.

00;32;42;05 - 00;32;45;10

tampering, attempted

00;32;45;10 - 00;32;48;23

bribery and fraud,

and was sentenced to 13 years in prison.

00;32;48;23 - 00;32;52;14

Despite his incarceration, Hoffa remained

a powerful figure in the Teamsters

00;32;52;14 - 00;32;56;11

through his influential influence

over the union from behind bars.

00;32;56;13 - 00;33;01;25

And the mystery around him deepened

00;33;01;27 - 00;33;05;29

he was last seen outside the Marcus

00;33;05;29 - 00;33;09;21

Red Fox in Blooming Bloomfield Township,

Michigan.

00;33;09;21 - 00;33;13;02

Numerous theories and rumors

circulated about his disappearance,

00;33;13;02 - 00;33;14;04

with many speculating

00;33;14;04 - 00;33;18;07

that he was the victim of a mob hit due

to his connections with organized crime.

00;33;18;08 - 00;33;20;21

To this day, his fate remains unknown.

00;33;20;21 - 00;33;21;29

There's a lot of speculation

00;33;21;29 - 00;33;25;25

like he was like under Wrigley Field

or something like that.

00;33;25;27 - 00;33;28;19

So many like crazy theories.

00;33;28;19 - 00;33;30;24

And I think the ice man, Richard Conklin,

00;33;30;24 - 00;33;34;00

he even even confessed

to having killed him.

00;33;34;00 - 00;33;36;01

But he confessed to a lot of stuff, too.

00;33;36;01 - 00;33;38;20

So I don't know. Yeah. So Jimmy Hoffa.

All right.

00;33;38;20 - 00;33;43;09

Moving into some of the places around

the earth and away from crime and murder.

00;33;43;09 - 00;33;47;18

So hopefully this is going to be less

depressing than the last few were.

00;33;47;21 - 00;33;51;01

Kind of I don't know, the first one.

00;33;51;03 - 00;33;54;21

The first one is kind of a place,

but more of an event.

00;33;54;21 - 00;33;57;04

But, you know, it's an event of a place.

If that makes it.

00;33;57;04 - 00;33;58;19

I think it's going to make sense.

00;33;58;19 - 00;34;00;09

Colony of Roanoke.

00;34;00;09 - 00;34;03;19

I think it's taught to every fifth grade

social studies class and remains to be

00;34;03;26 - 00;34;08;02

a major event in American history

that continues to perplex so many own

00;34;08;02 - 00;34;11;25

a colony known as the Lost

Colony was one of the early

00;34;11;25 - 00;34;14;26

English attempts to establish

a permanent settlement in the New World.

00;34;14;26 - 00;34;16;10

Colony was a attempt.

00;34;16;10 - 00;34;20;02

The colony was located on Roanoke Island

in present day North Carolina,

00;34;20;02 - 00;34;26;07

and its mysterious disappearance

has become a historical enigma of sorts.

00;34;26;07 - 00;34;29;07

The first attempt to establish

the Roanoke Colony was made in

00;34;29;12 - 00;34;33;09

1585 by an expedition

led by Sir Ralph Lane.

00;34;33;11 - 00;34;37;12

Due to harsh conditions, strained

relations with the local native population

00;34;37;12 - 00;34;39;22

and lack of supplies,

the settlers abandoned the colony

00;34;39;22 - 00;34;41;14

and returned to England

the following year.

00;34;41;14 - 00;34;45;18

White was sent to establish

00;34;45;18 - 00;34;46;26

a more permanent settlement.

00;34;46;26 - 00;34;50;15

Whites group included men, women

and children, including his granddaughter,

00;34;50;15 - 00;34;54;11

Virginia Dare, who would become the first

English child born in the New World.

00;34;54;11 - 00;34;55;08

However, shortly

00;34;55;08 - 00;34;58;14

after their arrival, tensions

with the local Native American population

00;34;58;14 - 00;35;00;29

increased, supplies dwindled

and these settlers

00;35;00;29 - 00;35;04;05

were not exactly prepared

for the rugged life in the new world.

00;35;04;05 - 00;35;07;15

So they decided to return to England

for more supplies

00;35;07;15 - 00;35;11;06

due to the English, Spanish War

and other delays, John White was unable

00;35;11;06 - 00;35;16;15

which is a crazy amount of time.

00;35;16;18 - 00;35;21;06

I mean, it's not now,

I guess, but I don't know, especially

00;35;21;06 - 00;35;24;26

when you're like you're colonies

already on the brink of stuff like bad

00;35;24;26 - 00;35;28;07

things happening and you're like,

yeah, I mean, three years is a long time.

00;35;28;08 - 00;35;32;02

When he arrived, the colony was deserted

and there was no signs of the settlers.

00;35;32;02 - 00;35;33;15

Only clues left behind

00;35;33;15 - 00;35;37;12

were the word croatoan carved into a post

in the letter S.R.O.

00;35;37;12 - 00;35;39;26

carved into a nearby tree.

00;35;39;26 - 00;35;42;17

These mysterious markings

led to the theories and speculation

00;35;42;17 - 00;35;44;02

of the fate of Roanoke colonists.

00;35;44;02 - 00;35;48;08

This seems to be very confusing marker,

but the settlers, along with White,

00;35;48;08 - 00;35;52;04

had actually made a plan

that while he was gone because he knew

00;35;52;04 - 00;35;53;04

was going to take a long time

00;35;53;04 - 00;35;56;28

to return, stated that if they decided

to move from the initial colony

00;35;56;28 - 00;36;02;03

to carve their new destination in a post

or tree, White had mapped out their area

00;36;02;03 - 00;36;06;01

and they all were

in ownership of said map,

00;36;06;01 - 00;36;09;06

so they all knew what names to call

which areas.

00;36;09;10 - 00;36;12;15

So the theory is

that they relocated to an island near

00;36;12;15 - 00;36;16;29

where they were located

and the location was called Croatoan.

00;36;17;00 - 00;36;18;25

That island was called Croatoan.

00;36;18;25 - 00;36;20;18

There's tons of theories

about the disappearance

00;36;20;18 - 00;36;23;27

of the Roanoke Colony, including

assimilation, with Native American tribes

00;36;23;27 - 00;36;27;11

attacked by hostile Native Americans

and possibly colonists,

00;36;27;14 - 00;36;30;18

like I said,

relocated to a different location.

00;36;30;18 - 00;36;32;23

But despite the efforts

to uncover the truth,

00;36;32;23 - 00;36;36;00

the fate of the lost colony remains

one of the enduring mysteries

00;36;36;00 - 00;36;39;05

of the American history

and story of Rona continues

00;36;39;05 - 00;36;42;26

to capture the imagination of historians

and the public alike.

00;36;42;26 - 00;36;45;04

For the next step,

we will be traveling from the East Coast

00;36;45;04 - 00;36;47;22

of the United States

to the islands of Japan.

00;36;47;22 - 00;36;51;15

Suppose that underwater ruins of Yamaguchi

Yamaguchi Monument,

00;36;51;16 - 00;36;55;06

also known as a Goonies submarine

Ruins, is a mysterious water

00;36;55;09 - 00;36;59;10

structure, underwater structure

located off the coast of Yamaguchi,

00;36;59;12 - 00;37;01;26

which is one of the Nyima Islands in

00;37;01;26 - 00;37;05;01

by a local diver.

00;37;05;01 - 00;37;06;27

The site has sparked

debate and speculation

00;37;06;27 - 00;37;11;15

about its origin, whether it's a natural

geological formation or manmade.

00;37;11;15 - 00;37;14;18

Yamaguchi Monument

consists of large flat rock formations

00;37;14;18 - 00;37;18;18

with distinct like sharp angles, stair

like terraces and columns.

00;37;18;18 - 00;37;21;22

Some of the formations

appear to resemble pyramids platform arms

00;37;21;22 - 00;37;23;12

and other architectural features.

00;37;23;12 - 00;37;27;21

The depth of the site ranges

from from about five to about 40 meters,

00;37;27;21 - 00;37;31;18

so 16 to 131 feet below the ocean surface.

00;37;31;24 - 00;37;35;06

Various theories have been proposed

regarding the origin of the Yamaguchi

00;37;35;06 - 00;37;35;26

Monument.

00;37;35;26 - 00;37;39;14

Some researchers and geologists argue

that the structures are a result

00;37;39;14 - 00;37;44;04

of natural geological processes,

such as tectonic activity and erosion.

00;37;44;05 - 00;37;47;22

They suggest that the formation could be

the remnants of sandstone and sedimentary

00;37;47;22 - 00;37;50;00

rock layers

shaped by the forces of nature.

00;37;50;00 - 00;37;53;01

On the other hand, proponents of the idea

that Yamaguchi Monument is

00;37;53;01 - 00;37;56;28

a manmade structure that's just been

kind of like slowly covered up

00;37;56;28 - 00;38;01;14

by different sediments and things, argue

that, you know, with the precise right

00;38;01;14 - 00;38;05;17

angles, parallel lines and other features

are indicative of human construction.

00;38;05;18 - 00;38;08;18

Some theories

theorists have even speculated the site

00;38;08;18 - 00;38;11;17

could be remains of the lost

ancient civilization.

00;38;11;20 - 00;38;15;08

It's probably lately an astute

debate over Yamaguchi Monument continues.

00;38;15;08 - 00;38;17;21

Despite having various studies

and investigations

00;38;17;21 - 00;38;20;18

there knows there's no consensus

but is really cool.

00;38;20;18 - 00;38;24;10

And if you go like you can look at

pictures of it, it's pretty spectacular.

00;38;24;10 - 00;38;25;12

Whatever it is, it's cool.

00;38;25;12 - 00;38;28;15

From lines

underwater to lines in the sand.

00;38;28;15 - 00;38;31;14

Next mysterious place

would be Nazca, Peru.

00;38;31;14 - 00;38;35;13

The Nazca lines are a series of ancient

geoglyphs located in the Nazca desert

00;38;35;13 - 00;38;36;14

of southern Peru.

00;38;36;14 - 00;38;40;17

These massive designs were created

by removing the reddish brown iron oxide

00;38;40;17 - 00;38;42;13

coated pebbles that covered the surface

00;38;42;13 - 00;38;46;12

of Nazca desert, revealing the light

colored earth underneath.

00;38;46;13 - 00;38;49;25

Revealing the light colored earth

underneath lends form various shapes,

00;38;49;25 - 00;38;53;05

including geometric figures

animals and humanlike figures.

00;38;53;05 - 00;38;56;11

The mask lines were created by the Nazca

people who lived in the region

00;38;56;11 - 00;38;59;12

between 500 BCE and 500. C.E.

00;38;59;12 - 00;39;03;06

The purpose and methods

of creating these enormous figures remain

00;39;03;06 - 00;39;08;02

the subject of speculation and debate

among archeologists and researchers.

00;39;08;04 - 00;39;11;18

The lines were largely ignored

until the advent of air travel.

00;39;11;18 - 00;39;14;18

Obviously,

I can't really tell what this thing is.

00;39;14;23 - 00;39;17;24

When they were first spotted

00;39;17;24 - 00;39;21;09

the discovery of the NASCAR lands

captured the public's imagination,

00;39;21;09 - 00;39;25;05

and theories about their purpose

and significance abound.

00;39;25;12 - 00;39;29;11

They used to use Google Earth

to travel around them and check them out.

00;39;29;13 - 00;39;31;22

And in fact,

as soon as I started typing this line,

00;39;31;22 - 00;39;34;13

I opened up Google Earth for old times

sake to do it again.

00;39;34;13 - 00;39;36;25

And that was a lot of fun. I'm

glad I did that.

00;39;36;25 - 00;39;39;27

It's so crazy to see

all the intricate lines from like straight

00;39;39;27 - 00;39;42;28

up and down and then pan camera

to see what it looks like from the ground.

00;39;42;28 - 00;39;46;10

I even, like, use Google Earth

to go to like some of the mountains

00;39;46;10 - 00;39;49;17

to see what it could

potentially look like from the

00;39;49;17 - 00;39;52;00

if you were staying on a mountain

to to see it.

00;39;52;00 - 00;39;55;24

Some theory suggests that the dense glen

served as an astronomical calendar

00;39;55;25 - 00;39;58;10

or were used in religious ceremonies

and rituals.

00;39;58;10 - 00;40;02;10

It's also an idea that they point towards

the solar equinox locations, which,

00;40;02;13 - 00;40;04;19

you know, isn't the weirdest

that others proposed

00;40;04;19 - 00;40;08;02

that the lines had ceremonial pathways

or were linked to water sources.

00;40;08;07 - 00;40;11;27

As the region is arid

and water management was crucial

00;40;11;27 - 00;40;14;20

for the NASCAR people as it is for most.

00;40;14;20 - 00;40;17;16

One of the most famous figures

is the Nazca spider, which has a body

00;40;17;16 - 00;40;20;16

that is over 100 and 450 feet.

00;40;20;17 - 00;40;23;10

And as a hummingbird

and as coming in as a condor

00;40;23;10 - 00;40;25;18

among the other well-known figures,

no one really knows

00;40;25;18 - 00;40;28;18

exactly how these feats were accomplished

specifically.

00;40;28;18 - 00;40;32;14

But, you know,

people have replicated this,

00;40;32;16 - 00;40;36;07

that a couple of different methods

that they believe were used.

00;40;36;07 - 00;40;40;04

So all of these designs feature

one continuous line

00;40;40;04 - 00;40;42;10

to create the shape,

which is also kind of cool.

00;40;42;10 - 00;40;46;11

Weirdly, the lines in NASCAR

are not the only geoglyphs in Peru, 130

00;40;46;11 - 00;40;50;03

miles away from the NASCAR plane, a giant

drawing sits on the side of a mountain.

00;40;50;03 - 00;40;54;03

The candelabra of the Andes,

also known as the Candelabra of Caracas,

00;40;54;03 - 00;40;59;07

is a large geoglyph located in Pisco Bay,

area of Peru, near the town of Caracas.

00;40;59;07 - 00;40;59;23

Made sense.

00;40;59;23 - 00;41;02;15

It's a massive figure

etched into the sandy hillside

00;41;02;15 - 00;41;05;28

resembling a three branched candlestick

or candelabra.

00;41;05;28 - 00;41;11;11

The geoglyph measures about 595 feet

in height and is visible from the sea.

00;41;11;11 - 00;41;14;27

The exact age and purpose

of the candelabra remains uncertain.

00;41;14;27 - 00;41;17;06

Adding air of mystery

to this ancient artwork,

00;41;17;06 - 00;41;20;15

Some theories suggest that it served

as a navigation aid for sailors,

00;41;20;15 - 00;41;23;24

while others proposed religious

or ceremonial significance.

00;41;23;24 - 00;41;27;19

Since it is like in a bay or near a bay

00;41;27;22 - 00;41;30;09

and it does look like a candelabra,

00;41;30;09 - 00;41;33;18

like how could it be if this is like

their version of lighthouse?

00;41;33;18 - 00;41;35;12

You know what I mean?

00;41;35;14 - 00;41;36;10

That's I don't know.

00;41;36;10 - 00;41;38;10

I don't know if that's true,

but it's kind of funny.

00;41;38;10 - 00;41;41;28

Anyway, moving from one part of the globe

to another, let's go to ancient Rome,

00;41;41;28 - 00;41;43;11

where we'd all rather be, right.

00;41;43;11 - 00;41;46;22

Library of Alexandria

was one of the most famous and significant

00;41;46;22 - 00;41;50;17

libraries of the ancient world is located

in the city of Alexandria, Egypt,

00;41;50;17 - 00;41;54;15

and was which was,

you know, founded in the third B.C.

00;41;54;17 - 00;41;57;23

And the library was built by Ptolemy

00;41;57;25 - 00;42;02;00

second Philadelphia, as the ruler of Egypt

at the time library aim

00;42;02;01 - 00;42;05;15

to collect, preserve and disseminate

knowledge of from various parts

00;42;05;15 - 00;42;08;24

of the ancient world has an extensive

collection of scrolls manuscripts

00;42;08;24 - 00;42;12;05

and writings from the different cultures

and civilizations.

00;42;12;05 - 00;42;15;18

The library attracted scholars,

scientists, intellectuals,

00;42;15;18 - 00;42;18;06

making it a center

for learning and research.

00;42;18;06 - 00;42;19;25

The exact skies and size

00;42;19;25 - 00;42;23;28

and scope of the Library of Alexandria

remain a matter of debate among

00;42;23;28 - 00;42;29;20

and among historians, with estimates

00;42;29;26 - 00;42;33;01

And fortunately,

the library's fate is a tragic one.

00;42;33;01 - 00;42;37;09

Over the centuries, it's faced multiple

incidences of damage and destruction,

00;42;37;09 - 00;42;43;10

including a fire 48 BCE during Julius

Caesar's siege of Alexandria.

00;42;43;12 - 00;42;45;10

Whoops.

00;42;45;10 - 00;42;46;00

no, I don't.

00;42;46;00 - 00;42;49;20

I don't know why I feel obligated to,

like, apologize on his behalf, like he's

00;42;49;20 - 00;42;52;20

a drunk friend

you're trying to wrangle in or something.

00;42;52;23 - 00;42;57;22

Anyway, like, Hey, Levi, get your boy

report down the library, is it?

00;42;57;24 - 00;43;02;02

Anyway, there's also had later incidences

during conflicts

00;43;02;02 - 00;43;06;01

between the Romans and various factions

that continued to lead to its demise.

00;43;06;01 - 00;43;09;12

The destruction of the Library

of Alexandria is a historical loss,

00;43;09;12 - 00;43;13;10

as it is believed that many irreplaceable

works and knowledge were lost

00;43;13;12 - 00;43;17;07

story of the library has become a symbol

of the impermanence of knowledge

00;43;17;07 - 00;43;19;19

and the vulnerability

of cultural heritage.

00;43;19;19 - 00;43;21;02

Despite its demise,

00;43;21;02 - 00;43;24;16

the Library of Alexandria remains

a powerful symbol of the pursuit

00;43;24;16 - 00;43;27;08

of knowledge and cultural achievements

around the ancient world.

00;43;27;08 - 00;43;31;09

Sometimes the historical places

do survive, but the existence of it

00;43;31;12 - 00;43;32;23

leads to the real mystery.

00;43;32;23 - 00;43;35;25

The Plain of Jars is a mysterious

archeological site

00;43;35;25 - 00;43;39;14

located in the Jin Quinn province of Laos.

00;43;39;21 - 00;43;41;25

The plane is scattered

with thousands of large,

00;43;41;25 - 00;43;44;25

ancient stone jars,

00;43;44;27 - 00;43;47;27

The jars vary in size,

with the largest ones reaching up to ten

00;43;47;27 - 00;43;52;19

feet in height and weighing several tons,

which is almost too heavy.

00;43;52;22 - 00;43;56;05

The purpose of the jars

and the civilization that created them

00;43;56;05 - 00;43;57;10

remained enigmatic.

00;43;57;10 - 00;44;02;12

Theories suggests that they were used

for funerary practices, possibly

00;44;02;17 - 00;44;06;18

as burial containers for the dead, other

purposes that the jars were involved in.

00;44;06;18 - 00;44;10;01

Ancient rituals,

such as the fermentation of rice wine,

00;44;10;03 - 00;44;14;10

is also believed to be associated

with prehistoric burial practices.

00;44;14;17 - 00;44;18;01

Though many aspects of its history

are still speculative play,

00;44;18;01 - 00;44;21;02

the Jar has faced challenges,

including damages from bombing

00;44;21;02 - 00;44;24;24

during the Vietnam War, left some areas

littered with unexploded ordnance.

00;44;24;24 - 00;44;25;17

Not good.

00;44;25;17 - 00;44;28;16

Despite these challenges, efforts

have been made to preserve and study

00;44;28;16 - 00;44;31;25

the site, shedding light on its historical

and cultural significance.

00;44;31;25 - 00;44;35;20

Mystery surrounding the plain of jars

continues to captivate archeologists

00;44;35;20 - 00;44;36;27

and historians alike.

00;44;36;27 - 00;44;41;15

So now travel across the Pacific from Laos

to islands featuring massive stone

00;44;41;15 - 00;44;45;11

skull sculptures who also survived past

the people who built them.

00;44;45;11 - 00;44;48;21

But their efforts are the parts

that baffle pretty much everybody.

00;44;48;22 - 00;44;53;14

Easter Island, known as Rapanui

in the indigenous Polynesian language,

00;44;53;14 - 00;44;58;04

stands as a remote and captivating

gem of the southeastern Pacific Ocean.

00;44;58;04 - 00;45;02;15

Renowned for its enigmatic,

monumental statues, the Maui, the island,

00;45;02;15 - 00;45;07;13

How island has woven a narrative

of ancient craftsmanship, environmental

00;45;07;13 - 00;45;10;15

challenges, cultural resilience

and archeological intrigue.

00;45;10;15 - 00;45;13;15

Nestled in the vast

expanse of the Southeast Asian Pacific,

00;45;13;15 - 00;45;17;08

Easter Island is a territory of Chile,

situated approximately

00;45;17;08 - 00;45;20;27

2300 miles off the Chilean coast,

which is quite a bit extreme.

00;45;20;27 - 00;45;24;27

Remoteness contributes to its distinction

as one of the most isolated inhabited

00;45;24;27 - 00;45;27;24

islands globally, adding to

00;45;27;26 - 00;45;29;19

an air of mystique to its allure.

00;45;29;19 - 00;45;33;16

The valley, of course, is what

we all think of the Easter Island heads.

00;45;33;19 - 00;45;34;13

Well, they're not heads.

00;45;34;13 - 00;45;38;15

They're huge statues,

they're colossal stone statues.

00;45;38;17 - 00;45;43;11

And they are the most iconic feature

of the island carved from compressed

00;45;43;11 - 00;45;48;06

volcanic ash during a period

spanning the 13th and 16th centuries.

00;45;48;06 - 00;45;52;10

These imposing figures were crafted by

the skilled hands of the Rapanui people.

00;45;52;12 - 00;45;57;05

Maui saw to the heights of 33 feet

and weigh an astonishing 80 tons

00;45;57;05 - 00;46;01;14

in their position on ceremonial platforms

called out the Maui serve

00;46;01;14 - 00;46;06;03

as silent sentinels testament

to the island's rich cultural history.

00;46;06;03 - 00;46;09;23

Now, in addition to the Maui,

there's a lot of different things

00;46;09;23 - 00;46;13;01

along Easter Island

that are pretty impressive.

00;46;13;04 - 00;46;16;05

Some of the systems of writing

a unique system

00;46;16;05 - 00;46;19;05

of writing known as the the Ranga Rango,

00;46;19;12 - 00;46;22;12

which is still pretty mysterious,

00;46;22;14 - 00;46;25;16

knows exactly what it means,

like the writing means.

00;46;25;16 - 00;46;28;03

So that's kind of adds to it.

00;46;28;03 - 00;46;30;28

So you've got these massive statues

and then the writing system

00;46;30;28 - 00;46;34;17

and the like is suspected

environmental degradation has led

00;46;34;19 - 00;46;39;18

led to or played a role in the societal

collapse on the island, underscoring

00;46;39;18 - 00;46;43;16

a delicate balance between human endeavors

and the natural environment.

00;46;43;16 - 00;46;47;13

European exploration reached Easter Island

when Dutch navigator

00;46;47;13 - 00;46;51;06

Jacob Roggeveen

00;46;51;06 - 00;46;53;18

On Easter Sunday.

That's why it's called Easter Island.

00;46;53;18 - 00;46;58;11

And then subsequent East European contact

brought diseases, cultural disruptions

00;46;58;11 - 00;47;03;04

and enslavement significantly impacting

the rapidly people their way of life.

00;47;03;05 - 00;47;06;19

Ongoing efforts are dedicated

to the conservation of its cultural

00;47;06;19 - 00;47;10;11

and archeological treasures,

ensuring that the mystery of how the Rapa

00;47;10;11 - 00;47;14;05

Nui people carved

and transported these massive stones.

00;47;14;06 - 00;47;15;19

You know,

00;47;15;22 - 00;47;16;29

that doesn't make any sense.

00;47;16;29 - 00;47;18;16

There are ongoing efforts

00;47;18;16 - 00;47;21;13

that are dedicated to conservation

of its cultural

00;47;21;13 - 00;47;25;17

and archeological treasures, you know,

trying to preserve the Rapanui people's

00;47;25;20 - 00;47;29;19

history, essentially continuing

the theme of massive stone construction.

00;47;29;19 - 00;47;32;19

We could not continue with that,

of course, traveling to Stonehenge,

00;47;32;19 - 00;47;37;19

nestled majestically on the Salisbury

Plain in Wiltshire, England,

00;47;37;21 - 00;47;40;26

Stonehenge stands

as an unparalleled prehistoric monument,

00;47;40;26 - 00;47;43;00

captivating the imagination

of global visitors

00;47;43;00 - 00;47;46;07

who are drawn to its iconic

an enigmatic presence.

00;47;46;07 - 00;47;50;04

This early archeological masterpiece

has become a symbol of human

00;47;50;11 - 00;47;54;06

ingenuity, prompting an in-depth

exploration into its mysteries.

00;47;54;06 - 00;47;57;28

The evolution of Stonehenge

00;47;57;29 - 00;48;01;05

initiating its construction

00;48;01;05 - 00;48;05;20

and culminating to its final form

00;48;05;20 - 00;48;09;28

The monument's designs include

a design includes a circular arrangement

00;48;09;28 - 00;48;14;29

of imposing standing stones known

as Sarsens elegantly crowned with lintels.

00;48;14;29 - 00;48;18;27

A close with its outer

circle is an inner horseshoe formation

00;48;18;27 - 00;48;24;17

of smaller bluestones believed

to have been transported from a distant

00;48;24;19 - 00;48;26;06

Pressly Hills and Wales.

00;48;26;06 - 00;48;28;20

Throughout history,

the purpose and function of Stonehenge

00;48;28;20 - 00;48;31;12

have been the subject of fervent

speculation and debate.

00;48;31;12 - 00;48;35;28

These have emerged proposing diverse roles

such as an astronomical observatory,

00;48;35;28 - 00;48;39;04

a religious or ceremonial site,

or even burial grounds.

00;48;39;05 - 00;48;42;10

The alignment of the stones

with celestial events, including solstices

00;48;42;10 - 00;48;45;10

and lunar cycle, intensifies

the enigma around it.

00;48;45;10 - 00;48;49;27

The Current The construction of Stonehenge

stands as a testament to extraordinary

00;48;49;27 - 00;48;53;05

engineering and logistical prowess

of ancient civilizations.

00;48;53;05 - 00;48;55;29

This is probably one of the biggest things

that people are confused by.

00;48;55;29 - 00;48;57;23

Like, Well, all these things are crazy.

00;48;57;23 - 00;48;59;04

How do they do it?

00;48;59;04 - 00;49;03;05

And nobody knows exactly hundred percent

sure how they did it specifically.

00;49;03;05 - 00;49;07;23

But people have been able to replicate

Stonehenge's massive stone movements

00;49;07;23 - 00;49;12;05

with different, different technologies

that could have been used at that time.

00;49;12;05 - 00;49;16;06

Beyond a physical structure, Stonehenge

carries profound cultural significance,

00;49;16;08 - 00;49;19;12

representing an enduring symbol

of ancient British culture

00;49;19;12 - 00;49;21;24

and the capabilities

of prehistoric societies.

00;49;21;24 - 00;49;24;19

Despite its enduring allure,

Stonehenge is not immune

00;49;24;19 - 00;49;28;22

to the passage of time, prompting ongoing

conservation and preservation efforts.

00;49;28;25 - 00;49;32;18

It does have millions of people visit

pretty much every year like

00;49;32;18 - 00;49;33;22

it is very popular.

00;49;33;22 - 00;49;36;22

Access to the Stones

is carefully restricted, though,

00;49;36;23 - 00;49;39;18

to protect the site with special events

such as summer and Winter

00;49;39;18 - 00;49;43;09

Solstice is providing exclusive

opportunities for limited access.

00;49;43;10 - 00;49;44;23

My high school art teacher, Ms..

00;49;44;23 - 00;49;49;05

Babbitt shout out to Deb

told us a story about going to Stonehenge

00;49;49;05 - 00;49;49;24

with her daughters

00;49;49;24 - 00;49;54;14

one time during a solstice of some sort,

I'm pretty sure while she was on vacation.

00;49;54;14 - 00;49;58;21

And she said that there were

tons of people there and as the sun rised,

00;49;58;24 - 00;50;02;16

that's smoke like appeared on the ground

and like all over the place.

00;50;02;16 - 00;50;04;15

And it was like all of a sudden

very smoky.

00;50;04;15 - 00;50;07;26

And then she was quickly overwhelmed

with the smell of marijuana,

00;50;07;28 - 00;50;10;28

which which is pretty funny like that.

00;50;11;03 - 00;50;15;09

A bunch of hippies were like,

We're going to Stone End man.

00;50;15;11 - 00;50;19;28

Anyway,

So Stonehenge continues to confuse.

00;50;19;28 - 00;50;24;09

And so anyway, as archeological marvel,

Stonehenge continues

00;50;24;09 - 00;50;28;01

to stand as a testament

to ancient human achievement So well

00;50;28;01 - 00;50;32;10

and we still don't know what or why,

which is why it's on this list.

00;50;32;13 - 00;50;36;11

Next section is missing

graves of some of his stories.

00;50;36;13 - 00;50;40;29

Famous people, first ones that I knew

about almost instantly when I concocted

00;50;40;29 - 00;50;43;29

this idea were those of Alexander

the Great,

00;50;44;05 - 00;50;47;12

Genghis Khan and Attila

the Hun, as well as Cleopatra.

00;50;47;12 - 00;50;49;25

But I found some interesting ones as well.

00;50;49;25 - 00;50;52;25

Not that these people are interesting,

but they're just the most common

00;50;52;25 - 00;50;53;16

in my research.

00;50;53;16 - 00;50;57;22

So anyway, starting with the oldest

and moving forward location of Alexander

00;50;57;23 - 00;51;00;25

the Great's tomb ignited centuries

of speculation.

00;51;00;26 - 00;51;03;10

Alexander

I'm pretty sure you've heard of them,

00;51;03;10 - 00;51;08;07

but if not surely a monumental figure

in history renowned for his extraordinary

00;51;08;07 - 00;51;13;29

military prowess and conquering

of such a vast region at such a young age.

00;51;14;00 - 00;51;16;05

But he met his end in 323 B.C.

00;51;16;05 - 00;51;17;10

at the age of 32.

00;51;17;10 - 00;51;21;21

This marked a conclusion to his far

reaching conquests and initiated a quest

00;51;21;21 - 00;51;25;05

to find an appropriate resting place

for the legendary military leader.

00;51;25;07 - 00;51;29;02

Alexander died in Babylon, a city

which was under his rule.

00;51;29;02 - 00;51;33;26

His body was placed in a lavish gold

coffin and later transported to Memphis.

00;51;33;26 - 00;51;38;25

In Egypt, Ptolemy told me,

a trusted general of Alexander assumed

00;51;38;29 - 00;51;43;11

responsibility for the remains

and a vision in turning Alexander

00;51;43;17 - 00;51;47;12

in Alexandria, the city

which he founded and named, Make sense.

00;51;47;15 - 00;51;51;12

Ptolemy had claimed to have laid Alexander

to rest

00;51;51;12 - 00;51;55;08

within a grand mausoleum known

as the Soma, enclosed in a golden coffin.

00;51;55;08 - 00;51;58;12

However, the exact location of this tomb

remains veiled

00;51;58;12 - 00;52;02;07

and uncertain, with historical accounts

presenting conflicting narratives.

00;52;02;07 - 00;52;06;18

Alexandria with its profound connection

to Alexander's legacy as the city

00;52;06;18 - 00;52;10;00

which he founded, was

considered was considered

00;52;10;00 - 00;52;13;27

a fitting site for his tomb,

Ptolemy erected this Soma within the city.

00;52;13;27 - 00;52;17;27

Yet the specific spot,

whether in the renowned the Library of

00;52;18;00 - 00;52;21;08

Alexandria or in the royal quarters,

remains a mystery.

00;52;21;08 - 00;52;25;29

And the fate of his tomb is intertwined

in the shifts of power of Alexandria,

00;52;26;01 - 00;52;30;11

gradually fading into obscurity amidst

changing rulers and the city's

00;52;30;11 - 00;52;31;14

tumultuous history.

00;52;31;14 - 00;52;34;05

During the Roman era, emperors

like Augustus paid homage

00;52;34;05 - 00;52;38;01

to Alexander by making to

what they believed to be his tomb.

00;52;38;01 - 00;52;41;05

But the it was like, we don't really know.

00;52;41;12 - 00;52;44;26

Alexander's profound legacy

extends beyond his military conquests,

00;52;44;26 - 00;52;49;03

influencing art, literature,

cultural and culture throughout the ages.

00;52;49;06 - 00;52;52;01

But we don't know where he finally rests.

00;52;52;01 - 00;52;55;16

There's also contemporary efforts

to unearth his tomb

00;52;55;16 - 00;52;58;17

finding places,

but none of those were ever successful.

00;52;58;17 - 00;53;01;28

So staying in the same region,

but jumping out of a few hundred years,

00;53;01;28 - 00;53;06;15

the tragic love story of Mark

Antony and Cleopatra, once a formidable

00;53;06;15 - 00;53;13;04

love triangle,

now just a regular two two sided shape.

00;53;13;06 - 00;53;14;08

I guess it would be a circle.

00;53;14;08 - 00;53;16;26

No, I don't know.

The eternal resting place of Cleopatra.

00;53;16;26 - 00;53;20;01

Mark Antony is also shrouded

in historical speculation.

00;53;20;04 - 00;53;23;04

Mark Antony, Cleopatra case.

You don't know.

00;53;23;07 - 00;53;26;07

What Caesar was killed,

began a love affair.

00;53;26;07 - 00;53;27;17

Or maybe before.

00;53;27;17 - 00;53;31;10

And then they were like,

We're going to rule Egypt.

00;53;31;10 - 00;53;33;21

And then Rome was not super

pumped about that.

00;53;33;21 - 00;53;37;14

And yeah,

so they ended up fighting Octavian

00;53;37;17 - 00;53;42;04

and died while didn't die in the battle,

but they were defeated by Octavian

00;53;42;04 - 00;53;46;09

in the battle Battle of Actium in 31 BCE,

00;53;46;16 - 00;53;50;03

Cleopatra and Mark Antony

faced a harrowing prospect of capture

00;53;50;04 - 00;53;53;21

so fueled by the fear of falling

into the hands of Octavian, Cleopatra

00;53;53;22 - 00;53;55;11

chose a dramatic end.

00;53;55;11 - 00;53;59;10

She's big of

00;53;59;12 - 00;54;00;28

a big fan of Romeo and Juliet.

00;54;00;28 - 00;54;04;05

I guess she led a venomous snake biter,

00;54;04;06 - 00;54;10;15

so she died and then distraught

by Cleopatra's demise, Mark Antony

00;54;10;18 - 00;54;12;14

fell on his sword quite literally.

00;54;12;14 - 00;54;15;14

So yeah, these guys are a little dramatic,

00;54;15;16 - 00;54;17;28

but their greatest have never been

located.

00;54;17;28 - 00;54;20;22

Historical accounts

suggest that Mark Antony and Cleopatra

00;54;20;22 - 00;54;23;17

put together in a Golden tomb

in Alexandria, Egypt.

00;54;23;17 - 00;54;26;18

But the location of this place,

nobody knows.

00;54;26;20 - 00;54;30;24

And of course, their efforts

to find the final resting place of them.

00;54;30;24 - 00;54;33;24

But, you know, just because of how

00;54;33;26 - 00;54;37;07

how long ago it was

and the shifting, you know,

00;54;37;09 - 00;54;41;20

topography of Alexandria with earthquakes,

rising sea levels, all that stuff,

00;54;41;21 - 00;54;42;29

you know, it's just really hard.

00;54;42;29 - 00;54;45;15

So with that, we're going to go in.

00;54;45;15 - 00;54;48;20

We're staying in the Roman Empire, but

we're going to shift to the western edge

00;54;48;21 - 00;54;50;00

on the British Isles.

00;54;50;00 - 00;54;54;05

Boudicca formidable Celtic

queen of the Iceni tribe in ancient

00;54;54;05 - 00;54;57;25

Britain etched her place in history

through her courageous leadership

00;54;57;26 - 00;55;02;21

in a major uprising

against Roman occupation in 60 or 61 A.D.

00;55;02;21 - 00;55;06;02

While her rebellion left an incredible

mark on the annals of ancient

00;55;06;02 - 00;55;10;05

British history, the details of Boudica's

faith, particularly

00;55;10;07 - 00;55;14;01

the enigmatic location of her grave,

are a mystery.

00;55;14;03 - 00;55;15;14

Who would have thought

00;55;15;14 - 00;55;18;29

in the aftermath of her spirited

resistance against Roman forces?

00;55;18;29 - 00;55;22;22

Conflicting accounts surrounding

the circumstances of his death.

00;55;22;24 - 00;55;26;02

Historical narrative suggests that she

either fell in battle against the Romans

00;55;26;02 - 00;55;29;06

or chose a path of self-inflicted

suicide to evade capture.

00;55;29;08 - 00;55;34;03

The ambiguity surrounding her demise

extends to the disposition of her body,

00;55;34;03 - 00;55;34;28

which makes sense.

00;55;34;28 - 00;55;38;17

One prevailing theory proposes

that recognizing the significance

00;55;38;20 - 00;55;41;11

of preventing the Romans

from desecrating her legacy,

00;55;41;11 - 00;55;45;15

Boudica was clandestinely

laid to rest by her devoted followers.

00;55;45;15 - 00;55;50;02

The secrecy surrounding the burial site

adds an additional layer of intrigue.

00;55;50;05 - 00;55;50;15

Yeah.

00;55;50;15 - 00;55;54;12

So the enduring mystery of where

this iconic Celtic queen found her

00;55;54;14 - 00;55;57;25

final resting place is just that

a mystery.

00;55;57;27 - 00;55;59;26

We continue our journey

in the Roman Empire,

00;55;59;26 - 00;56;03;04

but advance a few centuries

into the time of Attila

00;56;03;05 - 00;56;05;24

the grave of Attila

the Hun, one of history's most fearsome

00;56;05;24 - 00;56;10;07

and influential warriors

remains a topic of historical intrigue.

00;56;10;09 - 00;56;13;24

Attila was the leader of the Huns

and orchestrated invasion invasions

00;56;13;24 - 00;56;16;11

that struck fear into the hearts of both

the western and eastern

00;56;16;11 - 00;56;19;06

Roman empires during the fifth century,

until he died

00;56;19;06 - 00;56;22;08

under mysterious circumstances in 453

A.D., shortly

00;56;22;08 - 00;56;25;19

after celebrating his marriage

to Princess Ildiko.

00;56;25;21 - 00;56;27;06

Well, I don't know.

00;56;27;06 - 00;56;31;18

Ildiko The the cause of death is debated

00;56;31;18 - 00;56;35;18

with theories ranging from a severe

nosebleed to an assassination attempt.

00;56;35;18 - 00;56;37;28

Regardless that his passing marked

the end of an era

00;56;37;28 - 00;56;39;25

dominated by his military campaigns.

00;56;39;25 - 00;56;43;14

Does that also makes me think of,

like several TV series and movies?

00;56;43;14 - 00;56;43;29

I don't know.

00;56;43;29 - 00;56;46;05

I don't even know which one

I'm thinking of right now.

00;56;46;05 - 00;56;50;12

But there's like, I think

it's Last Kingdom, maybe where a man

00;56;50;12 - 00;56;53;22

is killed basically in his sleep

and I'm pretty sure on his wedding night.

00;56;53;22 - 00;56;56;17

But I'm kept now. I don't know. I,

I lost it.

00;56;56;17 - 00;56;57;11

I'm sorry.

00;56;57;11 - 00;56;58;21

Anyway, after until his death,

00;56;58;21 - 00;57;02;07

he was buried in a triple coffin

made of gold, silver and iron.

00;57;02;07 - 00;57;03;05

So many gold cuff.

00;57;03;05 - 00;57;04;06

I want a gold coffin.

00;57;04;06 - 00;57;07;10

I don't want it for me to be dead in.

00;57;07;10 - 00;57;09;07

I just want one right now.

00;57;09;07 - 00;57;12;29

So if you're listening

and you have one email, that to me

00;57;13;01 - 00;57;16;00

seems like a, you know, awful material

to bury people in.

00;57;16;00 - 00;57;17;25

But I don't really know. Maybe it's great.

00;57;17;25 - 00;57;19;13

The enslaved captives who constructed

00;57;19;13 - 00;57;22;28

the tomb were allegedly put to death,

maintain secrecy of the burial site.

00;57;22;28 - 00;57;26;20

Legend has it that the Huns diverted

a river to create a temporary gravesite

00;57;26;20 - 00;57;30;22

for Attila, and then, after burial,

re diverted the waters to cover the tomb.

00;57;30;28 - 00;57;35;02

The exact location of his grave is,

you know, speculation, but

00;57;35;05 - 00;57;39;06

some theories place it in Hungary

near the Tyson River.

00;57;39;08 - 00;57;41;15

Well, it's suggested it's Romania.

00;57;41;15 - 00;57;43;25

Despite various searches

and archeological efforts.

00;57;43;25 - 00;57;46;00

The actual site obviously never found.

00;57;46;00 - 00;57;49;10

Interestingly,

the next guy also allegedly ordered people

00;57;49;10 - 00;57;51;01

to move a river to hide his burial.

00;57;51;01 - 00;57;56;08

The mystery enveloping the location

of Genghis Khan tomb is also, guess what?

00;57;56;11 - 00;57;58;22

It's not a mystery.

00;57;58;24 - 00;57;59;04

As the

00;57;59;04 - 00;58;03;08

founder and inaugural great Khan

of the Mongolian empire, Genghis Khan

00;58;03;08 - 00;58;06;26

00;58;06;26 - 00;58;10;23

and then strategically veiling

the knowledge of his final resting place.

00;58;10;26 - 00;58;13;24

There's a lot of measures to thwart

00;58;13;24 - 00;58;18;02

potential desecration by adversaries

who thought to undermine his legacy.

00;58;18;02 - 00;58;21;29

Numerous aspects contribute

to the mystique surrounding Genghis Khan's

00;58;22;05 - 00;58;25;26

tomb, each adding a layer of intrigue

to the quest for its discovery.

00;58;25;26 - 00;58;29;01

The Khan's demise was veiled in secrecy,

with the legendary count

00;58;29;01 - 00;58;32;15

suggesting that the funeral procession

went to extreme lengths, killing anyone

00;58;32;15 - 00;58;35;26

it encountered to safeguard

the confidential location of his burial.

00;58;35;26 - 00;58;39;22

Even those involved in the construction

of the tomb, including the slaves

00;58;39;22 - 00;58;44;11

and servants, face execution

to uphold the secrecy of the site.

00;58;44;13 - 00;58;47;12

Historical records suggest the possibility

00;58;47;12 - 00;58;50;16

that the Khan was being interred

in multiple locations.

00;58;50;16 - 00;58;54;13

A strategic approach aimed to

00;58;54;15 - 00;58;56;24

aim to

confound the potential grave robbers

00;58;56;24 - 00;59;02;04

or advocate adversaries seeking to disturb

the revered leaders final resting place

00;59;02;05 - 00;59;04;12

the vast expanses

of the Mongolian steppes,

00;59;04;12 - 00;59;07;16

where he spent so much of his life pose

a formidable

00;59;07;16 - 00;59;10;27

challenge for modern archeologists

attempting to locate his tomb.

00;59;10;27 - 00;59;12;21

The nomadic lifestyle of the Mongols.

00;59;12;21 - 00;59;13;13

In the absence

00;59;13;13 - 00;59;17;06

of permanent structures for complicate

the quest for historical treasure.

00;59;17;07 - 00;59;20;25

Over the centuries, various

political regimes and rulers in Mongolia

00;59;20;25 - 00;59;25;04

actively discouraged or obstructed

attempts to search for his tomb.

00;59;25;05 - 00;59;27;01

This reluctance often

00;59;27;01 - 00;59;30;16

stems from the belief that disturbing

his resting place could invoke a curse

00;59;30;19 - 00;59;35;08

or bring bad fortune, underscoring deep

cultural reverence for the iconic leader.

00;59;35;10 - 00;59;38;27

There's a really great episode

of Expedition Unknown on this,

00;59;38;29 - 00;59;44;21

and they go to a like a like a

massive mountain and they they meet like a

00;59;44;22 - 00;59;49;20

like a ceremonial guard, almost, of people

who guard this mountain from outsiders.

00;59;49;20 - 00;59;50;20

And it's crazy.

00;59;50;20 - 00;59;54;12

It's like like still, after all this time,

they're they're there,

00;59;54;13 - 00;59;55;13

which is kind of wild.

00;59;55;13 - 00;59;57;27

And then they do like a scan

on one of the mountains

00;59;57;27 - 01;00;00;11

and there's like a mound at the top

that they're like, Well,

01;00;00;11 - 01;00;01;01

that might be that,

01;00;01;01 - 01;00;01;25

but they won't let him

01;00;01;25 - 01;00;06;00

actually go on the mountain like they flew

around in a helicopter like all this.

01;00;06;01 - 01;00;09;00

Anyway, there's a little tidbit on that.

01;00;09;00 - 01;00;10;28

Yeah, pretty, pretty interesting.

01;00;10;28 - 01;00;16;03

So this next one is kind

like a not not a mystery where the body is

01;00;16;03 - 01;00;17;08

because it's presumed

01;00;17;08 - 01;00;22;07

to be in at least one of the two locations

that people think it is.

01;00;22;10 - 01;00;25;09

The tricky

part is that neither of the places

01;00;25;09 - 01;00;29;17

that holds the supposed remains will allow

anybody to test them to confirm.

01;00;29;23 - 01;00;31;16

So Christopher Columbus.

01;00;31;16 - 01;00;35;04

Yes, that guy,

the Italian explorer credited

01;00;35;04 - 01;00;40;18

with discovering the Americas

01;00;40;24 - 01;00;44;10

in Spain,

and initially he was buried where he died.

01;00;44;10 - 01;00;48;29

But then his son was like, no, he wanted

to live in the place where he found.

01;00;48;29 - 01;00;53;18

So he was moved to the Dominican Republic

and it moved his body move

01;00;53;23 - 01;00;58;27

several, several times,

moving back to Spain, then once again

01;00;59;03 - 01;01;02;11

back to the Dominican Republic

and eventually

01;01;02;11 - 01;01;08;09

it was eventually staying in supposedly

the Dominican Republic.

01;01;08;09 - 01;01;12;25

I know that during the Napoleonic Wars,

the French, when they invaded

01;01;12;25 - 01;01;16;27

Spain, here they were like,

we're going to move him again.

01;01;16;27 - 01;01;19;02

So they moved him one more time.

01;01;19;02 - 01;01;21;25

01;01;21;25 - 01;01;25;11

1877,

the Cathedral of Santa maria Lemonnier

01;01;25;11 - 01;01;29;07

in Santo Domingo, claimed to house

the remains of Christopher Columbus.

01;01;29;07 - 01;01;33;28

There's a mausoleum with LED box

with an inscription that claim that had,

01;01;34;00 - 01;01;37;02

you know, his name on it

and claimed to have his bones in it.

01;01;37;03 - 01;01;37;20

However,

01;01;37;20 - 01;01;41;23

there's been historical controversy

and debate over whether the true remains

01;01;42;00 - 01;01;45;17

01;01;45;19 - 01;01;49;00

and impressive monument

to Columbus was built for the 500 year

01;01;49;00 - 01;01;51;20

anniversary of his voyage,

the Columbus Lighthouse,

01;01;51;20 - 01;01;54;20

which is actually no longer a lighthouse

because

01;01;54;24 - 01;01;59;00

apparently the power required to make

it run would actually black out.

01;01;59;00 - 01;02;01;15

The town, which is kind of hilarious.

01;02;01;15 - 01;02;03;23

Is the place where he his

01;02;03;23 - 01;02;07;03

remains rest in the Americas anyway.

01;02;07;05 - 01;02;09;17

While the Seville

01;02;09;17 - 01;02;13;02

Cathedral in Spain claims

to have his remains for Europe

01;02;13;04 - 01;02;17;12

on the remains in Dominican Republic,

01;02;17;12 - 01;02;21;08

but they were inconclusive

and the mystery just continued to go.

01;02;21;14 - 01;02;23;11

You know, it was kind of crazy like that.

01;02;23;11 - 01;02;25;24

Both places are like,

no, we're not going to do it.

01;02;25;24 - 01;02;29;08

And I think that they're doing that

because both of them are scared

01;02;29;08 - 01;02;32;26

that they don't actually have them like

and we're not going to risk it.

01;02;32;26 - 01;02;34;18

We're just going to pretend

we got them still.

01;02;34;18 - 01;02;38;17

Anyway, moving to our last section

for Missing Graves, two mysterious objects

01;02;38;22 - 01;02;42;20

these objects might be known

for like known like how they worked, but

01;02;42;20 - 01;02;46;12

maybe not the reason why they were made

or the person who created them.

01;02;46;13 - 01;02;48;21

That entire thing is a mystery.

Potentially.

01;02;48;21 - 01;02;52;06

The first that comes to mind is,

of course, the void inch manuscript,

01;02;52;06 - 01;02;54;00

which we talked about in the Hoaxes

episode.

01;02;54;00 - 01;02;58;05

So I'm not going to go into more detail

here, but, you know, nobody does know

01;02;58;05 - 01;03;01;13

what happened or why it's there now

in research for this,

01;03;01;13 - 01;03;04;00

I did read on Reddit,

so take this with a grain of salt.

01;03;04;00 - 01;03;08;10

But this person, you know, had an idea

that I hadn't considered before

01;03;08;12 - 01;03;11;13

and had stated

that even though it was very well done

01;03;11;13 - 01;03;13;28

and professional

looking for the time it was created.

01;03;13;28 - 01;03;17;14

It could be the writings

of someone experiencing a psychotic break.

01;03;17;14 - 01;03;20;27

They describe patients that they work with

who have had similar issues

01;03;20;27 - 01;03;25;12

and that their writings and drawings

can often look very well done also.

01;03;25;12 - 01;03;28;02

So possibility

is not completely written off for me,

01;03;28;02 - 01;03;31;05

but we still don't know,

nor will we ever probably know.

01;03;31;05 - 01;03;35;11

The really interesting yet mysterious item

in the in history is the antique it

01;03;35;11 - 01;03;39;12

they are of antique it their mechanism

which is an ancient Greek analog

01;03;39;13 - 01;03;43;29

astronomy astronomical calculator

that dates back to the second century BCE.

01;03;43;29 - 01;03;48;02

It was discovered in Antigua Thera

a shipwreck off the coast of the Greek

01;03;48;02 - 01;03;51;18

01;03;51;23 - 01;03;53;01

The device is considered

01;03;53;01 - 01;03;56;27

one of the most significant

archeological finds in the 20th century.

01;03;56;27 - 01;03;59;04

The antique IT mechanism

01;03;59;04 - 01;04;02;26

was housed in a wooden box and consisted

of a complex arrangement of gears.

01;04;02;26 - 01;04;06;10

Mechanisms was designed

to track astronomical positions

01;04;06;10 - 01;04;10;21

and cycles, including movement

of the sun, moon plate and planets.

01;04;10;21 - 01;04;14;25

The device could also predict eclipses and

provide information about lunar phases.

01;04;14;25 - 01;04;18;02

The level of sophistication

displayed by the mechanism

01;04;18;02 - 01;04;22;01

was far beyond that of previous thought

to exist in ancient Greek technology.

01;04;22;01 - 01;04;25;04

Its intricate gears and dials

showcased a deep understanding

01;04;25;04 - 01;04;29;26

of celestial mechanics, and its purpose

was likely both scientific and educational

01;04;29;29 - 01;04;33;11

now, while the exact origins

and create the creators

01;04;33;11 - 01;04;37;16

of the mechanism remain uncertain,

or how many even ever existed,

01;04;37;18 - 01;04;40;04

it is believed to have been

a collaborative affair

01;04;40;04 - 01;04;43;00

involving skilled craftsmen, astronomers

and mathematicians.

01;04;43;00 - 01;04;45;05

Some theories

suggest that it might have been created

01;04;45;05 - 01;04;48;02

by ancient Greek scientist Archimedes

or his followers.

01;04;48;02 - 01;04;51;08

Now, there's been a lot of research

over the past the past century,

01;04;51;10 - 01;04;55;12

you know, decades of research and analysis

and advancement of imaging.

01;04;55;15 - 01;04;57;28

Yeah,

imaging technology have provided scholars

01;04;57;28 - 01;05;00;21

with better understanding

of how thing works.

01;05;00;21 - 01;05;01;07

You know, its

01;05;01;07 - 01;05;05;10

discovery has reshaped our understanding

of ancient Greek technological prowess

01;05;05;13 - 01;05;09;21

and the sophistication of their knowledge

in astronomy and mechanics.

01;05;09;21 - 01;05;12;21

So while they're anti the antica thera

01;05;12;23 - 01;05;15;17

mechanism is not completely mysterious

as it once was.

01;05;15;17 - 01;05;17;13

I still don't know who did it.

01;05;17;13 - 01;05;21;22

Now, the next one, the Baghdad battery

is still full of questions and confusion.

01;05;21;23 - 01;05;25;16

The Baghdad battery is an ancient artifact

that consists of a group of ceramic

01;05;25;16 - 01;05;29;16

posts and jars with a copper cylinder

and iron rod inside of it.

01;05;29;16 - 01;05;33;11

It was discovered in the vicinity

of Baghdad, Iraq, and is estimated to date

01;05;33;11 - 01;05;38;03

back to the Parthian or Sasanian period

01;05;38;03 - 01;05;43;05

01;05;43;11 - 01;05;46;13

The Baghdad battery gained attention

for its peculiar design,

01;05;46;13 - 01;05;49;14

leading to some researchers

to propose the theory

01;05;49;14 - 01;05;52;20

that it might have been used

as some primitive form of battery.

01;05;52;20 - 01;05;56;08

Basic construction resembles

that of a galvanic cell, a device

01;05;56;08 - 01;05;59;25

that can generate small electrical current

through chemical reaction.

01;05;59;25 - 01;06;02;29

We actually learned about that

in the Weird Experiments episode.

01;06;03;01 - 01;06;04;29

That's the frog guy, Luigi Galvani.

01;06;04;29 - 01;06;09;00

This, however, predates him

01;06;09;03 - 01;06;10;17

Each jar of the Baghdad battery

01;06;10;17 - 01;06;14;14

consists of a clay vessel with a stopper

made of asphalt inside the jar.

01;06;14;14 - 01;06;18;10

Copper cylinder surrounds an iron rod,

a components of the battery, copper,

01;06;18;10 - 01;06;22;05

iron in acidic or alkaline substance

could potentially create

01;06;22;05 - 01;06;26;04

a simple, electrochemical reaction

when filled with an electrolyte

01;06;26;04 - 01;06;29;13

such as vinegar or another acidic liquid.

01;06;29;13 - 01;06;31;00

The purpose of the Baghdad battery,

01;06;31;00 - 01;06;34;03

if it is indeed functioned

as the battery, remains

01;06;34;03 - 01;06;37;26

the subject of debate among historians

and archeologists, some hypotheses

01;06;37;26 - 01;06;42;11

suggest that it might have been used

for electroplating or medicinal purposes,

01;06;42;11 - 01;06;46;10

or even has as a religious object

for a lecture of electrotherapy.

01;06;46;12 - 01;06;50;13

However, the lack of conclusive evidence

and the scarcity of similar artifacts

01;06;50;13 - 01;06;55;08

from the same period make it challenging

to determine exactly what its purpose was.

01;06;55;10 - 01;06;57;15

Well, the battery theory is interesting.

01;06;57;15 - 01;07;00;27

Alternative explanations proposed

to the JAR serve different purposes,

01;07;00;27 - 01;07;05;27

such as storing sacred sacred skulls,

acting as a container for papyrus scrolls.

01;07;06;02 - 01;07;06;29

Those don't really make sense.

01;07;06;29 - 01;07;11;05

Like, why would you have

all the specific stuff like only works

01;07;11;05 - 01;07;16;04

in one specific order, works

specifically in one way together matter?

01;07;16;07 - 01;07;18;24

I don't I don't really know.

But it is interesting.

01;07;18;24 - 01;07;23;02

Some objects don't even have a specific

location or even one group of people.

01;07;23;05 - 01;07;26;28

There's been stone spheres characterized

by their near perfect roundness, scattered

01;07;26;28 - 01;07;29;11

all across different locations

around the world,

01;07;29;11 - 01;07;32;12

often linked to ancient cultures

and archeological mysteries,

01;07;32;12 - 01;07;36;25

notably the decree delta

in the eye of the eyelid that can Kano in

01;07;36;25 - 01;07;40;20

Costa Rica has one of the most famous

sets of the these artifacts.

01;07;40;20 - 01;07;44;17

The geographical distribution of the stone

spheres extends,

01;07;44;19 - 01;07;48;16

like I said, to diverse parts

of the globe, including us, Riga, Bosnia,

01;07;48;19 - 01;07;53;03

her ghost, her Herzegovina,

Mexico, New Zealand, Easter Island.

01;07;53;05 - 01;07;57;11

Nevertheless, Costa Rica specifically the

the decree

01;07;57;13 - 01;08;01;15

spheres crafted by the pre-Columbian

decree culture from 600

01;08;01;15 - 01;08;06;11

and extensive studied example.

01;08;06;11 - 01;08;09;19

These spheres exhibit varying

sizes ranging from a few centimeters

01;08;09;19 - 01;08;13;11

to over two meters in diameter,

typically crafted from igneous

01;08;13;11 - 01;08;18;19

rock like Verano de Grano

or I like Grenadier,

01;08;18;21 - 01;08;23;01

Grano Di or it or gabbro

typically crafted from igneous rock.

01;08;23;04 - 01;08;26;19

The manufacturing process of stone spheres

remains a subject of debate.

01;08;26;20 - 01;08;29;12

Theories

propose shaping by artisans using stone

01;08;29;12 - 01;08;32;11

or wooden tools

or employing abrasive materials like sand.

01;08;32;12 - 01;08;35;16

Despite this, the exact

purpose of these artifacts remains elusive

01;08;35;16 - 01;08;39;25

with conjectures ranging from religious

or astronomical significance

01;08;39;25 - 01;08;44;10

to functioning as markers

for important locations or status symbols.

01;08;44;11 - 01;08;49;02

These locations, these specific roles have

varied between cultures and locations.

01;08;49;07 - 01;08;52;15

Stone spheres are often

unearthed in archeological sites

01;08;52;15 - 01;08;56;07

where they may be arranged geometrically

or aligned with celestial events.

01;08;56;10 - 01;08;59;24

In Costa Rica, they are notably

like a scent associated with the decree.

01;08;59;24 - 01;09;00;12

Delta.

01;09;00;12 - 01;09;05;03

Indigenous people of Costa Rica attributed

cultural significance to these spheres,

01;09;05;03 - 01;09;09;16

considering them important entwined

with mystery and legends.

01;09;09;19 - 01;09;12;15

Despite persistent mystery

surrounding their purpose in creation,

01;09;12;15 - 01;09;16;08

ongoing research and archeological

investigations contribute to unravel

01;09;16;08 - 01;09;20;02

the cultural and historical significance

of the stone stone spheres,

01;09;20;05 - 01;09;22;28

not only in Costa Rica,

but all over these different places.

01;09;22;28 - 01;09;23;17

And that's it.

01;09;23;17 - 01;09;26;28

That's the list of today's mysteries.

01;09;27;01 - 01;09;29;21

There are plenty more, obviously,

there's a lot,

01;09;29;21 - 01;09;32;18

but I thought breaking up into categories

would make it more interesting

01;09;32;18 - 01;09;36;04

and also give me more to work

with down the road if I want to expand

01;09;36;04 - 01;09;39;14

on any of these or do another

or do another mystery episode,

01;09;39;17 - 01;09;42;23

some of the ones that will always leave me

scratching my head are the NASCAR lines.

01;09;42;23 - 01;09;44;21

I find that combination of the effort

01;09;44;21 - 01;09;47;13

needed to create them

and the unknown reason to do so.

01;09;47;13 - 01;09;49;14

Such a, you know, interesting task.

01;09;49;14 - 01;09;52;19

The missing graves are less crazy

just because of how much time has passed

01;09;52;19 - 01;09;54;16

for most of them, except Columbus.

01;09;54;16 - 01;09;55;21

They once that's pretty funny

01;09;55;21 - 01;09;59;21

that neither country wants to,

you know, have the test remains tested.

01;09;59;21 - 01;10;03;08

But Library of Alexandria,

I think, is, you know, number one

01;10;03;08 - 01;10;05;20

for just about anybody

who is a history nerd.

01;10;05;20 - 01;10;07;17

You know, what was lost is not known.

01;10;07;17 - 01;10;09;17

And that makes it just so much worse

01;10;09;17 - 01;10;13;04

as crazy to think that so many modern

construction sites are halted in Europe

01;10;13;04 - 01;10;16;18

because they'll dig in find

like Roman ruins underneath them.

01;10;16;23 - 01;10;20;08

And some point you got to assume

that they're all over the place and decide

01;10;20;08 - 01;10;23;28

if we should just stop building new stuff

or just ignore the really old stuff in.

01;10;23;28 - 01;10;25;22

Some of these, you know, places,

I don't know.

01;10;25;22 - 01;10;26;24

It's hard because you don't know

01;10;26;24 - 01;10;30;22

the significance of it until you fully,

you know, investigate anyway.

01;10;30;25 - 01;10;34;24

I think a general interest of the cases

like Jimmy Hoffa or JonBenet Ramsey

01;10;34;24 - 01;10;35;11

or D.B.

01;10;35;11 - 01;10;38;13

Cooper are probably pretty high

in the United States.

01;10;38;13 - 01;10;42;15

But unfortunately for many of the ancient

mysteries, we will not know more

01;10;42;15 - 01;10;44;24

until the sands of time

us. More information.

01;10;44;24 - 01;10;48;14

I know the Dyatlov Pass one is one

I would like to dive into further

01;10;48;14 - 01;10;49;01

for sure.

01;10;49;01 - 01;10;52;08

But if there were any episode,

any in the episode that you found deserved

01;10;52;08 - 01;10;55;10

more air time that you'd like me

to discuss and dive into,

01;10;55;10 - 01;10;58;14

let me know, comment, Facebook, email me

all of those things.

01;10;58;14 - 01;11;00;28

With that,

I'm out of mysteries for the week.

01;11;00;28 - 01;11;03;09

What I do know is what will be discussed

next week.

01;11;03;09 - 01;11;05;16

Next week will be the internment

01;11;05;16 - 01;11;09;10

camps during World War Two,

specifically those in the United States.

01;11;09;10 - 01;11;11;08

I'll be covering the action up

until that point

01;11;11;08 - 01;11;14;12

and then describing why they were enacted,

who was the target,

01;11;14;20 - 01;11;17;18

you know, targeted people

and what happened within them,

01;11;17;18 - 01;11;21;18

as well as the fall out of the people

and the camps afterwards.

01;11;21;18 - 01;11;23;28

They can support one to do,

especially around Veterans Day,

01;11;23;28 - 01;11;24;29

because I think it's

01;11;24;29 - 01;11;28;02

you know, when we look back on the

a lot of the United States history,

01;11;28;08 - 01;11;31;20

military action, it's very easy

to paint ourselves as pure in intention.

01;11;31;20 - 01;11;33;29

But We didn't always act

with that in mind.

01;11;33;29 - 01;11;37;04

So showcasing some of the less

pretty sides of that, I think

01;11;37;04 - 01;11;40;16

is a good way to understand our history

in a more authentic way.

01;11;40;17 - 01;11;43;09

And the topic is listeners suggested.

01;11;43;09 - 01;11;46;20

So if you have an idea

that you'd want me to talk about

01;11;46;20 - 01;11;50;17

on the show, please

email me Remedial scholar at gmail.com.

01;11;50;23 - 01;11;52;12

All one word lowercase.

01;11;52;12 - 01;11;55;02

No at the beginning,

no podcast in that either.

01;11;55;02 - 01;11;58;02

Just remedial scholar at gmail.com.

01;11;58;08 - 01;12;00;26

And don't forget to share us

with your friends.

01;12;00;26 - 01;12;02;10

Follow us on all the socials.

01;12;02;10 - 01;12;05;29

Tell your friends I'm updating YouTube

so hopefully that will be rolling

01;12;05;29 - 01;12;06;18

better now.

01;12;06;18 - 01;12;09;28

I fell behind with it

and everything was just this is not

01;12;10;00 - 01;12;12;05

I was just not giving attention

it deserved.

01;12;12;05 - 01;12;15;25

So anyway, you can leave the comments

there on Facebook, Instagram.

01;12;16;02 - 01;12;17;20

Like I said, share it with your friends.

01;12;17;20 - 01;12;20;07

Most importantly,

stay curious. Thank you. Bye.