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Travel back to 1854 London and see how data visualization saved lives. John Snow’s use of data analytics to fight cholera is a groundbreaking story that still inspires analysts today.
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⌚ TIMESTAMPS
00:24 The Cholera Outbreak in London
01:04 John Snow's Revolutionary Hypothesis
02:58 Lessons for Modern Data Analysts
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Today I'm going to tell you the story of one of the earliest and one of
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:the greatest data analysts of all time.
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:It's a story that had such a big
impact on my life that I actually
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:named my consulting company, Snow
Data Science, after this guy.
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:His name is John Snow.
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:And no, not the guy from Game of
Thrones, but an English physician
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:from the mid 1800s who saved a
country from a deadly outbreak of
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:cholera using only data analytics.
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:London, 1854, and there's a terrifying
disease sweeping the streets.
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:Cholera.
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:People are dropping like flies
and no one really knows why.
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:In fact, over 500 people had died in
this small area in the last 10 days.
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:At the time, most people believed that
cholera was spread through the air via
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:bad smells and what's called bad air.
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:Some people even believed that cholera
was really only coming out of the
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:cemeteries from people who had already
previously passed of the disease.
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:Basically, no one knew what was
going on in the disease world.
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:No one knew how people were getting
sick, They just knew that people were
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:getting sick at an alarming rate.
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:And with that knowledge, 75 percent of
that part of the city, Soho, fled due
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:to fear of contracting the disease.
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:Dr.
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:Jon Snow was determined to
figure out why these people were
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:getting sick and how to fix it.
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:You see, Jon was a doctor, and
he had this crazy idea that maybe
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:cholera wasn't spread through the
air, but rather through water.
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:And to us, that sounds pretty simple.
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:But at the time, it was
a revolutionary idea.
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:But no one would believe him.
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:So he knew he needed data to prove it.
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:So John hit the streets.
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:He started talking to people
who had gotten sick and asked
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:them a series of questions.
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:One of which was crucially,
Where are you getting your water?
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:And after interviewing dozens
of folks, he looked at his notes
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:and realized many had mentioned
getting water from the same well.
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:Which was the pump down on Broad Street.
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:A curious note, but nothing concrete.
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:John realized he needed more.
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:And here's where Snow did
something revolutionary and
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:thought like a data analyst.
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:He created a map of the streets of London
and plotted every cholera case on it.
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:Each water pump was highlighted
with a simple black circle, and each
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:case of cholera was indicated by a
simple black line stacked on top of
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:the other one to represent multiple
contractions at the same residence.
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:After constructing the graph, he found
that most of the deaths clustered around
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:one pump, the pump on Broad Street.
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:This gave him the data driven evidence
that maybe the disease was indeed in
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:the water, specifically at that pump.
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:This wasn't just a cool visualization that
he made, it was data analytics in action.
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:Armed with his data evidence,
he headed to the local officials
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:and presented his theory.
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:He showed them his map and asked them to
remove the handle of the pump which would
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:literally shut water down to that area.
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:The government obliged
and shut the pump down.
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:And guess what?
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:The cholera outbreak
slowed nearly immediately.
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:People stopped getting sick.
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:People stopped dying.
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:And the population of
London returned to the city.
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:This analysis didn't only save
lives, it actually changed
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:public health care forever.
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:Jon Snow's work is considered
one of the earliest examples
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:of data analytics in the UK.
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:and is still referred to
in pandemics or outbreaks.
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:Here are three simple ways that you and
I can be great analysts like Jon Snow.
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:Number one, visualize our data.
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:We as humans are not very
good at remembering numbers.
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:We can only really take a
look at 10 numbers at a time.
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:If you don't believe me, try to memorize a
telephone number in less than 10 seconds,
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:and if you can, you're above average.
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:If you don't believe me,
just try to remember this.
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:Number 8 0 1 5 7 2 2 7 7 8 4 3 2 1 7.
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:Go ahead and try to repeat that
in the comments down below.
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:If you get it, you're above average.
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:We as humans are just not good
at dealing with numbers, but
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:we are good at visualizing.
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:Our eyes are extremely powerful, and
so instead of trying to just understand
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:data inside of a notebook or instead
of a spreadsheet, when we visualize
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:data, that helps us understand it
better, and that was the key to success.
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:To John, figuring out what
was causing this disease.
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:Number two, we can storytell with data.
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:Notice that John didn't go to the
government and just, you know, show them
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:the map or just tell them the theory.
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:He combined the two.
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:He told a story.
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:In fact, they actually asked, well,
what is happening with this green
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:area right here and this green
area right here that you see on
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:the map, they're not getting sick.
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:Why are they not getting sick?
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:Even though they're really close
to this well, and he actually
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:went and interviewed those people
and found out that one was a bar.
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:And they said, quote, no
one drinks water here.
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:So those people were actually saved
from cholera by only drinking beer.
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:And the second one was actually
a prison where they actually have
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:their own well inside of the prison.
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:So he was able to illustrate the
full story with the data that was
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:able to convince the government
that this was the cause, even though
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:everyone thought it was in the air,
that it was actually in the water.
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:And number three, another
thing that Jon Snow did very
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:well is explain the outliers.
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:If you look at the map, you'll
notice that towards the bottom
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:and even some other places.
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:There are outliers.
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:There are people who contracted
cholera that were not close to
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:this pump and not using this pump.
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:This would actually hurt his
hypothesis, and he knew that.
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:So he actually went to those areas to talk
with those people and found out that many
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:of them had relatives or they had recently
visited that pump just a couple days ago.
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:So the outliers did not
hurt his case, they actually
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:ended up supporting his case.
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:If you want to be a great analyst
like Jon Snow, go ahead and hit
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:subscribe to get future episodes
that will help you get there.