Little v. Hecox | Oral Argument Date: 1/13/26 | Docket Link: Here

Consolidated with West Virginia v. B. P. J. | Oral Argument Date: 1/13/26 | Docket Link: Here

Question Presented: Whether laws protecting women's sports by limiting participation to biological females violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Overview: Consolidated cases challenging Idaho's categorical ban and West Virginia's Save Women's Sports Act generate Supreme Court's first major ruling on transgender athletics after Skrmetti reshaped constitutional sex discrimination analysis.

Posture: Multiple circuit splits; Little preliminarily enjoined (Ninth Circuit), West Virginia reversed (Fourth Circuit); proceedings stayed pending review.

Main Arguments:

• Petitioners (Idaho/West Virginia): (1) Constitutional "sex" means objective biological reality, not subjective gender identity; (2) Rational basis review applies to definitional challenges about meaning of "female"; (3) Skrmetti forecloses proxy discrimination claims targeting biology-based classifications

United States (as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioners): (1) Equal Protection permits sex-separated athletics based on constitutional history; (2) Biology-based classifications address competitive fairness, not discriminatory animus; (3) Skrmetti forecloses proxy discrimination claims

• Respondents (Hecox/B.P.J.): (1) Categorical exclusions constitute traditional sex discrimination triggering heightened scrutiny; (2) Transgender status qualifies as quasi-suspect classification warranting judicial protection; (3) Individual assessment required under VMI rather than blanket exclusions

Implications:

1. Petitioners' victory establishes broad state authority over sex-separated activities using biological definitions, potentially affecting employment discrimination, housing rights, and educational access beyond sports.
2. Respondent victory extends heightened constitutional protection to transgender individuals, requiring individualized consideration rather than categorical exclusions and potentially invalidating similar laws across twenty-six states.
3. Ruling will clarify whether Skrmetti's restrictive constitutional framework applies beyond medical treatment contexts and resolve circuit split on Title IX interpretation.

The Fine Print:

• Fourteenth Amendment § 1: "No State shall...deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"

• Idaho Code § 33-6203(3): "Athletic teams or sports designated for females, women, or girls shall not be open to students of the male sex"

• W. Va. Code § 18-2-25d(c)(2): Female teams "shall not be open to students of the male sex where selection for such teams is based upon competitive skill or the activity involved is a contact sport"

Primary Cases:

• United States v. Skrmetti (2025): Constitutional sex classifications analyze biological differences rather than gender identity; laws addressing medical procedures and age restrictions don't trigger heightened scrutiny based on transgender status

• United States v. Virginia (VMI) (1996): Sex-based exclusions require exceedingly persuasive justification under intermediate scrutiny; categorical rules must account for individual capabilities rather than statistical generalizations